build(Docker): Make Docker Build Self-Contained and Multi-Stage

[zicklag]

The Docker image previously required building the project on the host machine and copying the built artifacts into the container. Now you just have to docker build from the project root and it would build the project and create the container by itself.

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This change is 

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[zicklag]

CI is failing, but I don't think it's my fault. :) :man_shrugging:

[mangalaman93]

Please feel free to reopen the PR against main. Thank you for the PR.

[zicklag]

I don't have time to pursue this further right now, but anybody else is welcome to take my code as reference!