compiler: Enhance IR to support more advanced parlang (CUDA/HIP/SYCL) features

[FabioLuporini]

Supersedes #2717

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

:x: Patch coverage is 87.42138% with 20 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review. :white_check_mark: Project coverage is 82.55%. Comparing base (764b075) to head (8e55290). :warning: Report is 60 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
devito/passes/iet/definitions.py	72.72%	6 Missing and 3 partials :warning:
devito/ir/cgen/printer.py	33.33%	4 Missing :warning:
devito/passes/iet/engine.py	75.00%	4 Missing :warning:
devito/arch/archinfo.py	0.00%	2 Missing :warning:
devito/symbolics/extended_sympy.py	94.44%	1 Missing :warning:

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #2748      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   83.05%   82.55%   -0.51%     
==========================================
  Files         248      248              
  Lines       50294    50379      +85     
  Branches     4426     4431       +5     
==========================================
- Hits        41773    41589     -184     
- Misses       7763     8019     +256     
- Partials      758      771      +13     

Flag	Coverage Δ
pytest-gpu-aomp-amdgpuX	?
pytest-gpu-nvc-nvidiaX	69.26% <63.50%> (-0.03%)	:arrow_down:

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