Upgrade from C++14 to C++17

[dentiny]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe. C++17 provides a few decent and useful features, and also reduces compilation warnings.

Describe the solution you'd like Resolve all linker issues.

Describe alternatives you've considered N/A

Additional context Link error message:

/usr/bin/ld: ../../src/libduckdb_static.a(ub_duckdb_common.cpp.o):(.rodata._ZN6duckdb9FileFlags15FILE_FLAGS_READE+0x0): multiple definition of `duckdb::FileFlags::FILE_FLAGS_READ'; libcache_httpfs_extension.a(httpfs.cpp.o):(.rodata._ZN6duckdb9FileFlags15FILE_FLAGS_READE[_ZN6duckdb9FileFlags15FILE_FLAGS_READE]+0x0): first defined here
/usr/bin/ld: libcache_httpfs_extension.a(cache_status_query_function.cpp.o):(.rodata._ZN6duckdb11LogicalType7VARCHARE[_ZN6duckdb11LogicalType7VARCHARE]+0x0): multiple definition of `duckdb::LogicalType::VARCHAR'; ../../src/libduckdb_static.a(ub_duckdb_common.cpp.o):(.rodata._ZN6duckdb11LogicalType7VARCHARE+0x0): first defined here
/usr/bin/ld: libcache_httpfs_extension.a(cache_status_query_function.cpp.o):(.rodata._ZN6duckdb11LogicalType7UBIGINTE[_ZN6duckdb11LogicalType7UBIGINTE]+0x0): multiple definition of `duckdb::LogicalType::UBIGINT'; ../../src/libduckdb_static.a(ub_duckdb_common.cpp.o):(.rodata._ZN6duckdb11LogicalType7UBIGINTE+0x0): first defined here