[DF] Replace `panic!` instances with PyErr(s)

[jdye64]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe. There are several places in the existing Rust codebase that panic! are hardcoded. We should replace all of those instances with PyErr instances that are properly propagated to Python for exception handling and reporting to the end user.

Describe the solution you'd like Have all panic! instances properly generate PyErr instances

Describe alternatives you've considered None

Additional context None