fix: Exception rework

[kenjis]

Description Supersedes #8470 Closes #4358

• add new Exception classes in CodeIgniter\Exceptions
  • LogicException
  • RuntimeException
  • BadFunctionCallException
  • BadMethodCallException
  • InvalidArgumentException
• add domain-level ExceptionInterface to catch all Exceptions in the domain
  • Files
  • HTTP
  • Router

• all Exception classes that the framework throws
  • implement CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface
  • extend \Exception (not \Error)
  • extend \LogicException or \RuntimeException

Checklist:

• [x] Securely signed commits
• [x] Component(s) with PHPDoc blocks, only if necessary or adds value
• [ ] Unit testing, with >80% coverage
• [x] User guide updated
• [x] Conforms to style guide

[MGatner]

Looks good to me.

[kenjis]

Updated code and added user guide.

[github-actions[bot]]

:wave: Hi, @kenjis!

We detected conflicts in your PR against the base branch :speak_no_evil:
You may want to sync :arrows_counterclockwise: your branch with upstream!

Ref: Syncing Your Branch

[github-actions[bot]]

:wave: Hi, @kenjis!

We detected conflicts in your PR against the base branch :speak_no_evil:
You may want to sync :arrows_counterclockwise: your branch with upstream!

Ref: Syncing Your Branch

[MGatner]

UG changes look good, thanks for the thorough coverage.

[kenjis]

@MGatner Thanks for the review!