fix(clerk-js): Correct init retry logic

[jacekradko]

Description

Refactor Clerk initialization retry logic to use a dedicated withRetry utility with exponential backoff

Checklist

• [ ] pnpm test runs as expected.
• [ ] pnpm build runs as expected.
• [ ] (If applicable) JSDoc comments have been added or updated for any package exports
• [ ] (If applicable) Documentation has been updated

Type of change

• [x] 🐛 Bug fix
• [ ] 🌟 New feature
• [ ] 🔨 Breaking change
• [ ] 📖 Refactoring / dependency upgrade / documentation
• [ ] other:

Summary by CodeRabbit

• New Features

  • Added a configurable retry utility with jittered exponential backoff for startup operations.

• Bug Fixes

  • Improved initialization resilience and recovery for transient/network failures, clearer error wrapping (init errors now include causes), and dev-browser auth recovery; UI can mount in degraded mode.

• Tests

  • Added comprehensive tests for retry/backoff behavior and initialization retry scenarios.

• Chores

  • Updated TypeScript libs and added a patch changeset.

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