RFC: Implement access::components higher-order range mapper

[fknorr]

RFC, based on #182.

A common parallelization pattern, e.g. in dense matrix-vector products, is to map 1D thread-ids to the rows of a 2D matrix while iterating over all columns on each item. This currently requires a custom range mapper:

const auto rows = [](const chunk<1> &chnk, const range<2> &buffer_size) {
    return subrange<2>{
        {chnk.offset[0], 0},
        {chnk.range[0], buffer_size[1]}
    };
};

While we could just have access::rows and access::columns convenience range mappers with all the confusion about row-major vs column-major vs fastest-dimensions that would entail, I have come up with a generic solution for the entire class of these "component mappings".

Let me introduce the first higher-order range mapper, access::components. It constructs a (chunk<KernelDims>, range<BufferDims>) -> subrange<BufferDims> range mapper from BufferDims individual mappers of type (chunk<KernelDim>, range<1>) -> subrange<1>.

Together with the new, straight-forward mapper access::kernel_dim that creates a subrange<1> from a single kernel dimension, this allows us to re-write the custom range mapper above like so:

const auto rows = access::components(access::kernel_dim(0), access::all());

Note that any other range mapper that produces subrange<1> can be used for each component, such as fixed ~~or neighborhood~~.

[github-actions[bot]]

Check-perf-impact results: (9e900a306dc9f17e4a27439205a7680c)

:question: No new benchmark data submitted. :question:
Please re-run the microbenchmarks and include the results if your commit could potentially affect performance.

[fknorr]

Live bikeshedding update about the naming of access::kernel_dim:

• All other built-in range mapperns describe a pattern while kernel_dim describes a function. That works within the components "DSL" but looks out-of-place as a stand-alone RM.
• @PeterTh suggested we could extend one_to_one to optionally take a dim parameter and then act as chunk<Dims> -> subrange<1>, because on a high level we think of the rows RM from the OP to act like a one_to_one in the first dimension and like an all in the second one. However this breaks again when regarding this specialization as a standalone RM, where a chunk<2> -> subrange<1> with that definition is an n-to-one, not a one-to-one.
• Naming proposals: @fknorr access::linear, access::line or access::interval.

More shower thoughts from my side:

• Since this must inspect the RM result subranges for each component, it might interfere with our goal of allowing RMs to return regions in the future.
• neighborhood unfortunately cannot be used in a component since input and output dimensions must match.
• Although "higher order range mappers" feel very neat conceptually, the few relevant component mappings (kernel_dim, fixed, all) could also be expressed through purpose-built tag types that lead to a less surprising interface.