feat: stack-allocated lambdas

[eriksvedang]

This makes (fn [...] ...) change type from (Fn [...] ...) to (Ref (Fn [...] ...), making it possible to avoid any dynamic memory allocations (malloc) unless the lambda has to be copied.

For example, this simple case becomes completely static:

(let [amount 123]
  (Array.endo-map (fn [x] (+ x amount)) [1 2 3  4 5]))

In the case where the lambda captures managed types, those are deleted at end of their scope and are never handled by the lambda (since the lambda, being a ref, never calls it's own deleter). Here's a somewhat contrived example:

(let [suffix @"!"]
  (Array.endo-map (fn [x] (String.append &x &suffix)) [@"a" @"b" @"c"])
  ;; suffix is deleted here
  )

This feature introduces some (more) cases where a lambda can refer to a dead reference without a compiler error, these must be fixed by the more complete solution described in https://github.com/carp-lang/Carp/issues/1317. I still think it's worthwhile to merge this, since it allows for much more efficient programs (and I plan to tackle the improved lifetimes next anyways.)

[TimDeve]

Very cool, I've been waiting for this, I think some of my programs can be alloc-free now.

[TimDeve]

Pulled the PR to play with it, found a couple of problems:

The first one might be linked to #1317, is that you can return a (Ref Fn) meaning that what that Fn capture would be out of scope by the time you use the Lambda.

Example:

(defn gen []
  (let [s1 @"Wow"
        lam (fn [] (IO.println &s1))]
    lam))

(defn main []
  (let [lam (gen)]
    (~lam)))

The second one is related to the Lambda deleter which assumes what's in it's env is owned by the Lambda (which sounds correct) so it deletes things, but it's not actually taking ownership properly so the normal deleters for the variables still run when the scope ends. So you end up with a double free.

Example:

(defn gen []
  (let [s1 @"Wow"
        s2 @"Lambda"
        lam (fn [] (IO.println &(String.join "" &[s1 s2])))]
    (~lam)))

(defn main []
  (gen))

[eriksvedang]

@scolsen The idea is that you copy the lambda and that will put its environment on the heap, just like before.

[TimDeve]

Yes, this seems to be working, it's just that it's hitting the double free problem from above:

(defn gen []
  (let [s1 @"Wow"
        s2 @"Lambda"
        lam (fn [] (IO.println &(String.join "" &[s1 s2])))]
    @lam))

(defn main []
  ((gen)))

[eriksvedang]

@TimDeve will look into that asap!