Update cmake scripts and add them to github actions

[vissarion]

This PR:

• creates github actions for cmake builds and tests (as discussed in https://github.com/boostorg/geometry/pull/1280#issuecomment-2104855981)
• declares tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL (closes https://github.com/boostorg/geometry/issues/1282)
• tests compilation with C++17 (with cmake is much simpler to separate building from running tests, see https://github.com/boostorg/geometry/pull/1273)
• adds some missing tests in cmake (such as index)

[barendgehrels]

Cool PR, I review later

[vissarion]

@barendgehrels thansk for the review and the comments. I addressed them all. Only the discussion on the c++ standard needs some check.

[barendgehrels]

Thanks for handling everything, completely fine!

[Osyotr]

Why does boost::geometry depend on Boost::program_options and Boost::crc now? It shouldn't be in the public interface as it's only used in tests.