[red-knot] Allow module-resolution options to be specified via the CLI

[AlexWaygood]

Summary

This allows us to pass arguments such as --custom-typeshed-dir and --target-version directly to the red-knot CLI, for easier experimentation and validation locally.

(The PR is stacked on top of https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/12215)

Test Plan

Lots of manual testing, for example:

Screenshots

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[MichaReiser]

The summary is half honest haha. The biggest change is that this is pr migrates to Clap 😂

[github-actions[bot]]

ruff-ecosystem results

Linter (stable)

✅ ecosystem check detected no linter changes.

Linter (preview)

✅ ecosystem check detected no linter changes.

Formatter (stable)

✅ ecosystem check detected no format changes.

Formatter (preview)

✅ ecosystem check detected no format changes.

[AlexWaygood]

The summary is half honest haha. The biggest change is that this is pr migrates to Clap

just a means to an end ;)