Add Data and Variable types to executer operation

[jacksenior]

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Previously created this PR https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-server/pull/6311 I don't seem to have the power to decline my old PR so when someone gets to this please decline it to avoid confusion Was asked to move this to the version-4 branch and use a generic for GraphQLResponse rather than omit

Another comment was to use TypedDocumentNode I have no experience with this so can't quickly update the code to make use of this.

Reasoning When using apollo-server-express to fulfil a rest request internally we are using the executeOperation to avoid HTTP and we want it strongly typed like our client side queries. Rather than wrapping in a function to strictly type the variables and response of the query I've extended the function type to match how useQuery behaves in apollo-client.

Example usage

const gqlResponse = await apolloServer.executeOperation<
      EventAllQuery,
      EventAllQueryVariables
    >(
      {
        query: gql`
          query EventAll($eventId: String!) {
            event(eventId: $eventId) {
              ... on AmericanFootballEvent {
                id
                name
                eventStatus {
                  description
                }
              }
            }
          }
        `,
        variables: {
          eventId: req.params.event_id,
        },
      },
      { req, res },
    )

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[trevor-scheer]

Thanks for reopening against v4 @jacksenior. I've added this to the v4 milestone, it'll be something we look at probably post-alpha. I like the idea!

[glasser]

I think this is a good idea and we should get it into AS4. We may want to make it work with TypedDocumentNode (and/or graphql-js' own somewhat unloved TypedQueryDocumentNode) as well. However, it involves changing the types of GraphQLResponse, and so will the work to make defer/stream work as part of AS4, so it's probably best to evaluate this after implementing incremental delivery (defer/stream).

[glasser]

I extended this into #6960. Thanks!