Rework `Oracle`s to be compatible with the new `StratifiedRule` interfaces

[Kukovec]

This is part of a broader set of efforts to modernize the solver core (see https://github.com/informalsystems/apalache/milestone/75). Since the new rules no longer use SymbState, we need to change the interface, and we can take this opportunity to perform simplifications, corrections and renaming. This issue should naturally close #2313 as well.

This issue will act as a meta-issue, for more narrow component sub-issues to reference, in order to avoid duplication.

See also #2339.