[FLINK-36025][table] Add the built-in function TO_NUMBER

[dylanhz]

What is the purpose of the change

Add the built-in function TO_NUMBER. Examples:

-- The format expects:
--  * an optional sign at the beginning,
--  * followed by a dollar sign,
--  * followed by a number between 3 and 6 digits long,
--  * thousands separators,
--  * up to two dight beyond the decimal point.
> SELECT TO_NUMBER('-$12,345.67', 'S$999,099.99');
 -12345.67

-- Plus is optional, and so are fractional digits.
> SELECT TO_NUMBER('$345', 'S$999,099.99');
 345.00

-- The format requires at least three digits.
> SELECT TO_NUMBER('$45', 'S$999,099.99');
 NULL

-- The format requires at least three digits
> SELECT TO_NUMBER('$045', 'S$999,099.99');
 45.00

-- Using brackets to denote negative values
> SELECT TO_NUMBER('<1234>', '999999PR');
 -1234

Brief change log

• FLINK-36025
• Add ToNumberTypeStrategy
• Add NumberParser
• Fix doc issue of function PRINTF

Verifying this change

• StringFunctionsITCase#toNumberTestCases
• TypeStrategiesTest#testData
• NumberParserTest

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (yes)
• The serializers: (no)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (no)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (no)
• The S3 file system connector: (no)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (yes)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (docs)

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• d8298338af849ca2e744947aa6ce9b1c687b36d9 Azure: SUCCESS

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