[FLINK-34372][table-api] Support DESCRIBE CATALOG

[xuyangzhong]

What is the purpose of the change

The work about DESCRIBE CATALOG is not finished yet. This pr aims to support it when converting sql node and executing it. See more at https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/FLINK-34372.

Note: This pr should not be merged into 1.19 as it is a feature.

Brief change log

• Support DESCRIBE CATALOG when converting sql and executing
• Add tests for this pr

Verifying this change

Some tests are added to verify it.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? yes
• If yes, how is the feature documented? later

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 23eb16c7f3014191bb22aa41e0dadbd6bc0c2f32 Azure: FAILURE

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