[FLINK-34194][ci] Updates test CI container to be based on Ubuntu 22.04

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What is the purpose of the change

The GitHub Actions workflow (FLINK-33901) requires us to upgrade to Ubuntu 22.04 (or 20.04) (see further details in sub-issue FLINK-33923). The Azure Pipeline's Docker image is currently relying on 16.04. The e2e tests in the Azure Pipeline are actually relying on 20.04.

This PR is about aligning all these workflow with what we're planning to use for GitHub Actions.

The corresponding Dockerfile changes can be reviewed https://github.com/zentol/flink-ci-docker/pull/4.

We might want to wait with this change till after 1.19 was released to avoid running into suprises during the release. :thinking:

Brief change log

• Updates Docker container to use mapohl/flink-ci:FLINK-34914
• Updates test pool vmImage from 20.04 to 22.04

Verifying this change

• CI should pass

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented? not applicable

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 34cd0af48a8f01023afbe8cc2340f636184d9501 Azure: SUCCESS

Bot commands

The @flinkbot bot supports the following commands:

• @flinkbot run azure re-run the last Azure build

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@flinkbot run azure

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I agree with you. I had this discussion with @zentol recently as well. Ideally, we should move the Docker image into a Apache-owned repo and push to a public Docker registry. I created FLINK-34695 to cover this.