[FLINK-32815] Implement internal HASHCODE function

[dawidwys]

What is the purpose of the change

Took over https://github.com/apache/flink/pull/23118 to cover the change with narrower scoped tests.

Verifying this change

Added tests in HashcodeITCase

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (yes / no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (yes / no)
• The serializers: (yes / no / don't know)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (yes / no / don't know)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (yes / no / don't know)
• The S3 file system connector: (yes / no / don't know)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (yes / no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable / docs / JavaDocs / not documented)

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• c8f463bc92e19a378d8e58d6d3166ed843007b89 Azure: SUCCESS

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[dawidwys]

CI seems broken by https://github.com/apache/flink/pull/24022#issuecomment-1888811191