[FLINK-37366] Allow configurable retry for Kafka topic metadata fetch

[suez1224]

• add topic.metadata.max.retry and topic.metadata.retry.interval.ms options to configure kafka topic metadata fetch retry.
• implement the kafka topic metadata fetch failure retry logic in KafkaSubscriberUtils.getTopicMetadata()

[boring-cyborg[bot]]

Thanks for opening this pull request! Please check out our contributing guidelines. (https://flink.apache.org/contributing/how-to-contribute.html)

[github-actions[bot]]

This PR is being marked as stale since it has not had any activity in the last 90 days. If you would like to keep this PR alive, please leave a comment asking for a review. If the PR has merge conflicts, update it with the latest from the base branch.

If you are having difficulty finding a reviewer, please reach out to the community, contact details can be found here: https://flink.apache.org/what-is-flink/community/

If this PR is no longer valid or desired, please feel free to close it. If no activity occurs in the next 30 days, it will be automatically closed.