[FLINK-31922][Connectors/AWS] Port over Kinesis Client configurations for retry and backoff

[karubian]

Purpose of the change

Port over Kinesis Client configurations for retry and backoff

Verifying this change

• Added unit tests

Significant changes

(Please check any boxes [x] if the answer is "yes". You can first publish the PR and check them afterwards, for convenience.)

• [ ] Dependencies have been added or upgraded
• [ ] Public API has been changed (Public API is any class annotated with @Public(Evolving))
• [ ] Serializers have been changed
• [ ] New feature has been introduced
  • If yes, how is this documented? (not applicable / docs / JavaDocs / not documented)