Update cli Dockerfile to a newer ubuntu release, newer rust release

[Omega359]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #10472

Rationale for this change

The current Dockerfile is based on a pretty old ubuntu release which doesn't build when run on a newer ubuntu release. I can see no good reason why the cli should be built using old ubuntu and rust versions.

What changes are included in this PR?

Dockerfile update.

Are these changes tested?

Built and tested locally on wsl2/ubuntyu 22.04.4

Are there any user-facing changes?

No