Add `LogicalPlan::recompute_schema` for handling rewrite passes

[alamb]

Which issue does this PR close?

Part of https://github.com/apache/datafusion/issues/9637

Rationale for this change

LogicalPlan::recompute_schema is needed for several subtasks of https://github.com/apache/datafusion/issues/9637 (for example https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/10356 and https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/10405)

I felt making its own PR with tests might make those PRs easier to review

What changes are included in this PR?

1. Add LogicalPlan::recompute_schema
2. Add tests for LogicalPlan::recompute_schema

Are these changes tested?

Yes, new tests (though full coverage will come in https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/10356 and https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/10405)

Are there any user-facing changes?