GH-47724: [C++][FlightRPC] ODBC descriptor column attribute value

[alinaliBQ]

Rationale for this change

Implement SQLDescribeCol which "returns the result descriptor - column name,type, column size, decimal digits, and nullability - for one column in the result set. This information also is available in the fields of the IRD." (Microsoft doc reference)

What changes are included in this PR?

• SQLDescribeCol & Tests

Are these changes tested?

Tested locally on MSVC Windows

Are there any user-facing changes?

n/a

• GitHub Issue: #47724

[github-actions[bot]]

:warning: GitHub issue #47724 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[alinaliBQ]

@lidavidm this draft PR is ready for review! Please have a look. Please note: https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/48052#discussion_r2492240445