arrow GH-44054: [C++] Implement PostgreSQL dedicated date extracting functions

Rationale for this change

Described in https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/44054.

What changes are included in this PR?

Implement three functions to extract PG's DATA/TIMESTAMP data type. They use a common class named year_month_day_pg which is similar to the existing class year_month_day, except adding days alignment with epoch '2000-01-01'.

Are these changes tested?

New test case has been added.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes. Add new functions in temporal component extraction for processing PG's DATA/TIMESTAMP data type, the function names are pg_year, pg_month, pg_day, pg_week corresponding to year, month, day, week respectively.

Sep 11 '24 02:09 mdianjun

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