[Python] Use C++ type traits for nested types in types.py

[danepitkin]

Describe the enhancement requested

types.py redefines type traits such as is_nested() that is already defined in type_traits.h/cc. Could we import and use the C++ type traits instead?

See https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/40265/files#r1505826814

Component(s)

Python