[Archery] Avoid relying on internal setuptools_scm API

[pitrou]

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

The Crossbow submission routines depend on an unstable setuptools_scm API that forces us to pin the setuptools_scm version: https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/47f15b07080d62cd912bfbfd5d067cf70dfe6960/dev/archery/archery/crossbow/core.py#L742

We should rewrite this function to avoid relying on setuptools_scm and do the version parsing entirely ourselves, instead.

This affects the comment bot, example at https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/40162

Component(s)

Archery, Continuous Integration

[pitrou]

cc @raulcd @kszucs