GH-39898: [C++] Add support for OpenTelemetry logging

[benibus]

Rationale for this change

Supporting OTel logs will help us improve diagnostics/debugging where OTel tracing is utilized.

What changes are included in this PR?

• [x] Bumps opentelemetry-cpp version to 1.13.0 to access the stable logs SDK
• [x] Basic initialization of log record exporters and logger providers
• [x] Add API for creating loggers, setting ResourceAttributes, etc
• [x] Add API for emitting logs
• [x] Implement otlp_ostream exporters for stdout/stderr

Additionally:

• Adds ArrowLogLevel::ARROW_TRACE as lowest log level to fully mirror the equivalent OTel enums

Are these changes tested?

WIP. Ad hoc testing only.

Are there any user-facing changes?

This will introduce new APIs that are likely to be public.

• Closes: #39898