ARROW-16707 [C++] Implement Rank kernel on chunked arrays

[WillAyd]

Initial implementation - could use some guidance on a few points

[github-actions[bot]]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16707

[github-actions[bot]]

:warning: Ticket has not been started in JIRA, please click 'Start Progress'.

[WillAyd]

@pitrou @lidavidm if either of you have time to review would be appreciated as always. I think the CI failures are unrelated

[lidavidm]

Hey - I'll try to get to this soon but it may be a few more days

[pitrou]

Hoping to look at this soon - sorry for having forgotten about it.

[WillAyd]

No problem at all - I'll be on vacation the next 5 days anyway so no rush from my end

I'm still not very happy with the copy / paste of the ChunkedArraySort and merge code. I have been concurrently trying a few things with the ArraySort implementation to make that more generalizable just haven't found the right solution yet

[WillAyd]

Superseded by #33846