feat(common): `no_std` Preimage Oracle bindings

[clabby]

Overview

Port the no_std preimage oracle bindings from @clabby's local repository into a new kona-preimage library. The behavior of the PreimageOracle interface should be defined as an extension trait to BasicKernelInterface, allowing for the client & host programs to take advantage of them.

Avoid re-defining std IO traits, favor buffered writing/reading.