feature: emulator support for ProgramSets, transformation passes

[sesmart]

Issue #, if available:

Emulator currently does not support ProgramSet, despite braket_dm supporting ProgramSet. Complicating this, there also are discrepancies between the Validation passes and the supported SpecificationTypes, as only Circuit is currently supported.

Description of changes:

Added support for ProgramSet in the LocalEmulator, and also clarified emulator support for different specifications.

Updated EmulatorPropertes

• EmulatorProperties has two more optional attributes, supportedSpecification and supportedActions
  • supportedSpecification defaults to Circuit
  • supportedActions defaults to empty dict, only used by program set validator (could also be used for a shot validator)

Updated ValidationPasses:

• Each ValidationPass also now has a _supported_specifications attribute, which dictated which TaskSpecification it can run.
  • PassManager will check if the current instance is supported by the pass, and otherwise ignore it
• Added two Validations (generic, not just for circuits)
  • SpecificationValidator - checks whether the specification is supported by emulator
  • ProgramSetValidator - checks whether or not the program set is valid based on MaximumExecutables and TotalShots
  • NotImplementedValidator - program sets supported, but other task types are not
• Relevant circuit_passes validators now support Circuit and ProgramSet specifications

Added TransformationPasses:

• Analogous to ValidatorPasses, these are modifying passes that return a specification instead of raising exceptions
• Added Transformations for circuit | programset:
  • VerbatimTransformation - Removes Verbatim from the circuit
  • NoiseModelTransformation - applies a NoiseModel
  • MeasurementTransformation- appends measurements if none detected

Updated Emulator:

• Still has private remove_verbatim_box attribute, but functionally moved towards passes.
• Changed noise model loading from backend to a pass

Other considerations:

• Simpler modifications for just ProgramSets would make longer term support and validation of other specifications harder
• Specification-specific pass sequences in the LocalEmulator (i.e. for circuit, ProgramSet, etc.) also were considered, but would be more bloated. There also is substantial reuse between certain passes.
• NoiseModel also does not support ProgramSet, so needed to move from supply NoiseModel on the backend to applying it to a circuit

Testing done:

Added relevant tests.

Merge Checklist

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• [ ] I have updated any necessary documentation, including READMEs and API docs (if appropriate)

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[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

:white_check_mark: All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests. :white_check_mark: Project coverage is 100.00%. Comparing base (4f2afaf) to head (fe8de1b).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
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  Coverage   100.00%   100.00%            
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  Files          162       169     +7     
  Lines        10560     10722   +162     
  Branches      1323      1350    +27     
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+ Hits         10560     10722   +162     

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