Enhance wp_hash function to support custom hashing algorithms

[PushpenderIndia]

Trac ticket: https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/62005

Summary

This PR updates the wp_hash function to allow users to specify a custom hashing algorithm, enhancing the security and flexibility of the function. Previously, the function hardcoded the md5 algorithm, which is vulnerable to collision attacks.

Changes:

• Added a new parameter $algo to the wp_hash function, allowing users to specify the hashing algorithm. The default remains md5 for backward compatibility.
• Implemented a check using hash_hmac_algos() to ensure the provided algorithm is supported. If not, the function will fall back to md5.

Benefits:

• Users can now choose more secure hashing algorithms like sha256.
• Improved security by allowing the use of modern, collision-resistant hashing algorithms.

Backward Compatibility:

• The function retains md5 as the default algorithm, ensuring backward compatibility with existing code.

Testing:

• Tested with various algorithms (md5, sha256, sha512) to confirm correct functionality.
• Validated fallback to md5 when an unsupported algorithm is provided.

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This Pull Request is for code review only. Please keep all other discussion in the Trac ticket. Do not merge this Pull Request. See GitHub Pull Requests for Code Review in the Core Handbook for more details.

[github-actions[bot]]

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Props pushpenderindia, debarghyabanerjee, johnbillion.

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[johnbillion]

Committed in https://core.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/59578