ESM support: soliciting feedback
Please use this ticket to provide feedback on our native ESM support. Your involvement is greatly appreciated to ensure the feature works on real-world projects.
Experimental warning
Node's loader hooks are EXPERIMENTAL and subject to change. ts-node's ESM support is as stable as it can be, but it relies on APIs which node can and will break in new versions of node.
When node breaks their APIs, it breaks loaders using their APIs. You have been warned!
Third-party docs: "Guide: ES Modules in NodeJS"
Someone has been maintaining a great reference document explaining how to use ts-node's ESM loader.
First-party docs
Our website explains the basics:
CommonJS vs native ECMAScript modules Options: esm
Usage
Requirements
- Set
"module": "ESNext"or"ES2015"so that TypeScript emits import/export syntax. - Set
"type": "module"in yourpackage.json, which is required to tell node that .js files are ESM instead of CommonJS. To be compatible with editors, the compiler, and the TypeScript ecosystem, we cannot name our source files.mtsnor.mjs. - Include file extensions in your
importstatements, or pass--experimental-specifier-resolution=nodeIdiomatic TypeScript should importfoo.tsasimport 'foo.js';TypeScript understands this.- The language service accepts configuration to include the file extension in automatically-written imports. In VSCode:

- The language service accepts configuration to include the file extension in automatically-written imports. In VSCode:
Invocation
ts-node-esm ./my-script.ts
ts-node --esm ./my-script.ts
# If you add "esm": true to your tsconfig, you can omit the CLI flag
ts-node ./my-script.ts
# If you must invoke node directly, pass --loader
node --loader ts-node/esm ./my-script.ts
# To force the use of a specific tsconfig.json, use the TS_NODE_PROJECT environment variable
TS_NODE_PROJECT="path/to/tsconfig.json" node --loader ts-node/esm ./my-script.ts
# To install the loader into a node-based CLI tool, use NODE_OPTIONS
NODE_OPTIONS='--loader ts-node/esm' greeter --config ./greeter.config.ts sayhello
ts-node-esm / --esm / "esm": true work by spawning a subprocess and passing it the --loader flag.
Configuration
When running ts-node --esm, ts-node-esm, or ts-node all CLI flags and configuration are parsed as normal. However, when passing --loader ts-node/esm, the following limitations apply:
tsconfig.jsonis parsed.- CLI flags are not parsed.
- Environment variables are parsed.
ts-nodemust be installed locally, not globally.npm install ts-nodeoryarn add ts-node.
tsconfig will be resolved relative to process.cwd() or to TS_NODE_PROJECT. Specify ts-node options in your tsconfig file. For details, see our docs.
Use TS_NODE_PROJECT to tell ts-node to use a specific tsconfig, and put all ts-node options into this config file.
Versioning
As long as node's APIs are experimental, all changes to ESM support in ts-node, including breaking changes, will be released as minor or patch versions, NOT major versions. This conforms to semantic versioning's philosophy for version numbers lower than 1.0. Stable features will continue to be versioned as normal.
node's API change: v16.12.0, v17.0.0
Node made a breaking change in their ESM API in version 17, backported to 16.12.0. It may also be backported to 14 and 12. This is the change: nodejs/node#37468
ts-node automatically supports both APIs, thanks to #1457. This relies on hard-coded version number checks. If/when this is backported to node 14 and 12, we will publish a new version of ts-node with the appropriate version number checks. Be sure you are always using the latest version of ts-node to avoid problems.
Note: things below this line may be out-of-date or inaccurate. These notes were used during initial implementation, but have not been updated since
Pending development work
- [ ] Make resolution lookup use our fs caches
- [ ] Create esm-script.mjs to do --script-mode?
- Can read
process.argvfor config resolution?
- Can read
- [x] Implement
require('ts-node').esmImport(module, 'import-path')- use https://npm.im/tsimportlib
- [x] Throw error when CJS attempts to require ESM, matching node's behavior for .js
- See below: "Changes to existing functionality" > "require() hook"
The proposal
Below is the official proposal, explaining our implementation in detail.
I am asking node's modules team questions here: https://github.com/nodejs/modules/issues/351
I was reading the threads about ESM support in ts-node, e.g. #935.
The @K-FOSS/TS-ESNode implementation is unfortunately incomplete; it does not attempt to typecheck. (it uses transpileModule)
So I did some research. Below is a proposal for ESM support in ts-node, describing the required behavior in detail.
This doesn't feel like an urgent feature to me, but I like having an official proposal we can work on.
Usage
node --loader ts-node/esm ./entrypoint.ts
Cannot be invoked as ts-node because it requires node flags; hooks cannot be enabled at runtime. This is unavoidable.
For simplicity, --require ts-node/register can be eliminated, because ts-node/esm automatically does that.
Alternatively, we publish an experimental ts-node-esm entry-point which invokes a node subprocess.
Don't forget allowJs! Affects the treatment of .js files. (Not .mjs nor .cjs because the TS language service won't look at them)
ESM hooks
Must implement ESM hooks to resolve extensionless imports to .ts files, resolve .js to .ts, classify .ts(x) and .jsx files as CJS or MJS, and compile .ts(x) and .jsx files.
resolve() hook:
Match additional file extensions: .ts, .tsx, .jsx.
Resolve .ts, .tsx, and .jsx if the import specifier says .js. Obey preferTsExts when doing this.
_
[Good idea?] Always ask default resolver first. If it finds something, we should not interfere.
--experimental-specifier-resolution=node does not obey require.extensions, unfortunately, so we can't use that.
getFormat hook:
If the resolved file is .ts, .tsx, or .jsx, behave as if extension was .js: use node's package.json discovery behavior to figure out if ESM or CJS.
This can be accomplished by appending .js to the URL path and delegating to built-in getFormat hook.
transformSource hook:
Same as today's code transformer. Relies on projects to be configured correctly for import/export emit.
Changes to existing functionality
require() hook
- Use same
getFormatlogic to determine if node will treat file as CJS or ESM. - NOTE node already detects and throws some errors on its own. But if
require.resolvepoints to a.tsfile, we need to make the determination. - If ESM, throw the same error as NodeJS ("cannot load ESM via require()")
- copying logic from node's source here
require() code transform
- Must somehow allow
import()calls. - Force consumers to use
require('ts-node').esmImport(module, 'import-path')?
ts-node bin entry-point
ts-node CLI does NOT need to support import()ing ESM.
WHY? Because ESM hooks are an experimental feature which must be enabled via node CLI flag.
Thus we will be loaded via --require, and Node is responsible for loading the entry-point, either triggering our hook or our require.extensions.
Allow import() in CJS
If "module": "commonjs", compiler transforms import() into __importStar
No way to change this without a custom transformer, which IMO is too much complexity at this time.
Users should run their code as ESM.
If they can't do that, we can recommend the following workaround:
// This is in a CommonJS file:
const dynamicallyImportedEsmModule = await require('ts-node').importESM('./specifier-of-esm-module', module);
Emit considerations
NOTE we have not implemented the following, although initially I thought we might. Instead, we assume tsconfig is configured for either ESM or CJS as needed
We could intelligently emit both "module": "esnext" and "module": "commonjs" depending on the classification of a file.
In transpile-only mode this is simple. Call transpileModule with different options.
When typechecking, we can pull SourceFile ASTs from the language service / incremental compiler.
We'll need a second compiler, one for each emit format. Or we can hack it by using transpileModule for all ESM output. transpileModule is incompatible with certain kinds of TS code, (can't do const enums) but it might work for a first-pass implementation.
TODO: turns out, users can tell the language service to include the .js file extension with automatically-written imports. So we do not need to automatically add them, though we do need to check if a .js import might point to a .ts or .tsx file.
The option is passed to the language service in a ts.UserPreferences object.
https://discordapp.com/channels/508357248330760243/640177429775777792/703301413337432114
I was trying to figure out if ts-node needs to automatically switch the "module" option between CommonJS and ESNext depending if we need to emit CommonJS or ESM. I concluded we do not want to do this. Here's an explanation anyway, in case I am proven wrong.
Today, ts-node respects the tsconfig's module option. Users are required to set it appropriately. If the user incorrectly sets module to ESNext and then tries to require() a TS file, they get an error because the emitted code has import statements.
Alternatively, we can automatically override the module option to be CommonJS when emitting for require() and ESNext when emitting for ESM. This allows a single tsconfig to be used for both ESM and CommonJS.
After thinking about this, it doesn't make sense. Users will choose either ESM or CommonJS via their package.json file. They won't do a mix of both. Also, this would get pretty messy since we'd be doing something that doesn't match tsc's output.
Nevertheless, if we wanted to implement this:
If the module option is already correct, we can use the languageService's getEmitOutput() like we do today. If not, we can grab a reference to the SourceFile and transform it using the same technique as transpileModule's implementation. This allow custom emit while avoiding an expensive parse.
TypeScript has an internal sourceFileAffectingCompilerOptions array. If any of those options differ, a SourceFile cannot be reused. However, some are only relevant if you care about diagnostics. For swapping out the module flag, I think SourceFile can always be reused.
We have released an experimental implementation of this in v8.10.1. Please test and share your feedback here.
Thanks @cspotcode for the release! Everything seems be working minus one snafu. Importing named exports don't seem to be working, but this may be a Node module quirk. For example in index.ts:
import { graphql } from 'graphql';
will cause a syntax error of:
SyntaxError: The requested module 'graphql' does not provide an export named 'graphql'
but this can be solved by using destructuring:
import Graphql from 'graphql';
const { graphql } = Graphql;
Any way to support importing named exports in ts files?
@chpeters I'd guess that would be because graphql is actually CommonJS and not an ES module. You can read more about it here: https://nodejs.org/api/esm.html#esm_interoperability_with_commonjs. Unfortunately it'll probably be messy for a while with TypeScript since the imports syntax is overloaded to represent both CommonJS and native ES modules.
Using mocha and TypeScript with ES modules I am facing an issue and I don't quite understand it.
Running this cmd as my test cmd :
node --experimental-modules --loader ts-node/esm.mjs ./node_modules/mocha/bin/mocha --extension ts
I get this error :
import './unit/authentication.js';
^^^^^^
SyntaxError: Cannot use import statement outside a module
What did I do wrong ?
PS: I have my tsconfig.json module attribute set to "ES2015", my package.json type attribute to "module", ts-node installed locally
Please send me a minimal reproduction and I'll be able to tell you.
On Fri, May 8, 2020, 12:01 PM Julien Collard [email protected] wrote:
Using mocha and TypeScript with ES modules I am facing an issue and I don't quite understand it.
Running this cmd as my test cmd :
node --experimental-modules --loader ts-node/esm.mjs ./node_modules/mocha/bin/mocha --extension ts
I get this error :
import './unit/authentication.js';^^^^^^ SyntaxError: Cannot use import statement outside a module
What did I do wrong ?
PS: I have my tsconfig.json module attribute set to "ES2015", my package.json type attribute to "module", ts-node installed locally
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This is my project architecture :
src
|_index.ts
test
|_tests.ts
|_unit
|_authentication.ts
package.json
tsconfig.json
My package.json :
{
"name": "my-project",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "My project",
"main": "lib/index",
"type": "module",
"files": [
"lib/**/*"
],
"directories": {
"test": "test"
},
"scripts": {
"build": "tsc",
"test": "node --experimental-modules --loader ts-node/esm.mjs ./node_modules/mocha/bin/mocha --extension ts"
},
"devDependencies": {
"@types/chai": "^4.2.11",
"@types/mocha": "^7.0.2",
"@types/node": "^13.13.5",
"chai": "^4.2.0",
"mocha": "^7.1.2",
"ts-node": "^8.10.1",
"typescript": "^3.8.3"
}
}
My tsconfig.json :
{
"compilerOptions": {
"target": "ES2015",
"module": "ES2015",
"lib": ["es6"],
"declaration": true,
"outDir": "lib",
"rootDir": "src",
"strict": true,
"noImplicitAny": true,
"moduleResolution": "node",
"esModuleInterop": true,
"forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true
},
"exclude": [
"test/"
]
}
My test/tests.ts :
import './unit/authentication.js'
Typescript is building my files right.
The npm run test cmd returns throw the error I wrote before.
Do you need more context ?
@NeilujD this is perfect, thanks.
It looks like, due to missing features in node's ESM support, mocha is using a hack to figure out whether a file should be loaded as ESM or CJS. https://github.com/mochajs/mocha/blob/master/lib/esm-utils.js#L4-L23
ts-node's require() hook will need to be updated to match the error behavior of node's .js hook. When you try to require() a TS file that should be treated as ESM, we should throw an error.
At first I thought mocha could simply import() everything, since it automatically switches to CommonJS loading as needed. However, that would require our ESM hook to be installed in order to resolve and classify .ts files. They're forced to use require() to cater to legacy require() hooks.
I think I can hack this by delegating to node's built-in .js extension, passing a fake filename.
require.extensions['.js']({_compile(){}}, filename + 'DOESNOTEXIST.js')
At the cost of a failed fs call, this will cause the built-in require hook to do its package.json lookup and see if the file should be treated as CommonJS or ESM.
> require.extensions['.js'].toString()
'function(module, filename) {\n' +
" if (filename.endsWith('.js')) {\n" +
' const pkg = readPackageScope(filename);\n' +
" // Function require shouldn't be used in ES modules.\n" +
" if (pkg && pkg.data && pkg.data.type === 'module') {\n" +
' const parentPath = module.parent && module.parent.filename;\n' +
" const packageJsonPath = path.resolve(pkg.path, 'package.json');\n" +
' throw new ERR_REQUIRE_ESM(filename, parentPath, packageJsonPath);\n' +
' }\n' +
' }\n' +
" const content = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8');\n" +
' module._compile(content, filename);\n' +
'}'
EDIT I've shared this hack with the node folks https://github.com/nodejs/modules/issues/351#issuecomment-625992425 to see if they have any interest in exposing this API natively.
Responding to https://github.com/TypeStrong/ts-node/issues/1007#issue-598417180
Cannot be invoked as ts-node because it requires node flags; hooks cannot be enabled at runtime. This is unavoidable.
Actually... it should be possible, by providing a very simple posix shell script wrapping the whole thing. That would be ideal when using shebangs, as it's not allowed to pass options to shebangs in Linux (although it's possible in Mac).
@castarco the problem is cross-platform support that matches the npm ecosystem without adding complexity to ts-node. Typically this is handled by the package manager: npm, yarn, pnpm, etc.
We set up our package.json "bin" field, pointing to a file with a shebang, and it takes care of creating a symlink, .cmd shim, and .ps1 shim.
@NeilujD The mocha issue you were seeing should be fixed by #1031 which has been merged to master.
If you're feeling adventurous, you can install ts-node directly from master.
npm i TypeStrong/ts-node#master --save
Or you can download and install the tarball artifact produced by CI.

npm install ts-node-packed.tgz --save
FWIW I tried it out and got ~~two issues~~ one undocumented issue:
- Instructions say to include file extensions in import statements, so that's what I did. But TS complains about this (
TS2691: An import path cannot end with a '.ts' extension. Consider importing '../../src/index' instead). I used a@ts-ignorehere, and then was able to import that module, sortof. - ~~Wherever npm packages are imported I get the error
TS7016: Could not find a declaration file for module 'tcp-port-used'. 'C:/Users/Matt/Documents/dev/http-server-group/node_modules/tcp-port-used/index.js' implicitly has an 'any' type. Try 'npm install @types/tcp-port-used' if it exists or add a new declaration (.d.ts) file containing 'declare module 'tcp-port-used';'even though I have those packages sitting in mynode_modules, and I don't get this error when I build with tsc.~~
Anyways, just thought I would give some feedback since it was solicited. Keep up the great work @cspotcode!!
@zenflow thanks, much appreciated.
Including file extensions is tricky; you need to include them in the way that typescript wants, which is to include the .js extension, not the .ts extension. This comment explains precisely why TypeScript does things this way. It has to do with maintaining compatibility with the pre-compiled code scenario. https://github.com/nodejs/modules/issues/351#issuecomment-621257543
I've also been trying to get mocha to work with this and I've been following the rabbit hole of https://github.com/mochajs/mocha/issues/4267
master works for me, but to have a usable setup I also needed esModuleInterop enabled and I had to run tests with
node --experimental-modules --loader ts-node/esm.mjs node_modules/mocha/lib/cli/cli.js src/**/*.spec.ts
Calling into the mocha internals is a bit ugly, and probably breaks some features but doesn't require patching node_modules at least.
@thatsmydoing Thanks for sharing your experience; I'm sure it will help other people, too.
You should be able to omit --experimental-modules because it is implied by --loader.
We merged #1028 a few days ago, so you should be able to omit the .mjs extension if you want.
This simplifies things a bit:
node --loader ts-node/esm node_modules/mocha/lib/cli/cli 'src/**/*.spec.ts'
Unfortunately, node has a lot of work to do before this feels clean. There's no way for us to load our hooks at runtime, which would allow us to perform the equivalent of --loader on your behalf. There's also no good system for composing multiple loader hooks together. Right now, ts-node's hook is doing extra work that ideally should be handled by a robust hook composer.
Thanks for your time on this! Works great, except I seem to be losing the source map support.
For a two-line test.ts:
type Foo = string;
throw new Error("Oh no!");
(without "type": "module" in package.json)
ts-node test.ts
...
Error: Oh no!(test.ts:2:7) 👍
(with "type": "module" in package.json)
node --loader ts-node/esm.mjs ./test.ts
...
Error: Oh no!(test.ts:1:7) 😢
Is there any easy fix?
@akbr Good catch, thanks. It looks like files loaded as ESM have file:// URLs instead of paths.
We install source-map-support here:
https://github.com/TypeStrong/ts-node/blob/master/src/index.ts#L445-L451
It's a third-party library that handles sourcemaps automatically, rewriting stack traces. We give it access to a cache of TypeScript's compiler output so it can get the sourcemaps. But we're not handling file:// URLs correctly, so source-map-support is not able to get access to the sourcemaps.
Created #1060 to track this. If you feel like sending us a bugfix, that'd be awesome!
thanks for the this initiative. I experiment esm and cjs feature heres my library package.json
"type": "module",
"main": "./cjs/my-lib.js",
"module": "./my-lib.js",
"typings": "./my-lib.d.ts",
"exports": {
"require": "./cjs/my-lib.js",
"import": "./my-lib.js"
},
if i combine esm and cjs in my code to call the "my-lib" it always use the cjs
import { addNumber } from 'my-lib'
const lib = require('my-lib')
console.log(lib.addNumber(1,2) + addNumber(1,2))
my tsconfig.json
{
"compilerOptions": {
"baseUrl": ".",
"moduleResolution": "node",
"module": "commonjs",
"target": "es2018",
"allowJs": true
}
}
by this configuration and example it is possible to always call or use the esm module or when there require it uses the cjs then when there import it use the esm?
@aelbore Since your tsconfig.json file has module: "CommonJS", it will always require(…) the CJS files.
To import the ESM files, you need to set module: "ES2015", module: "ES2020" or module: "ESNext".
Also, you need to construct the require function in ESM modules yourself if you intend to use it:
import { createRequire } from 'module';
const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
Is there an easy answer to why __dirname is undefined? Easy to work around but feels unusual. Maybe it could be polyfilled as
import path from 'path';
const __dirname = path.dirname(new URL(import.meta.url).pathname);
As I saw here: https://techsparx.com/nodejs/esnext/dirname-es-modules.html
node --loader ts-node/esm.mjs ./ssr.ts
(node:117914) ExperimentalWarning: --experimental-loader is an experimental feature. This feature could change at any time
(Use `node --trace-warnings ...` to show where the warning was created)
ReferenceError: __dirname is not defined
at new FileResourceLoader (file:///home/today/_/work/ssr.ts:11:43)
at file:///home/today/_/work/ssr.ts:26:24
at ModuleJob.run (internal/modules/esm/module_job.js:110:37)
at Loader.import (internal/modules/esm/loader.js:179:24)
Check node's docs which explain the differences between the ESM and CJS contexts.
On Thu, Jun 11, 2020, 7:47 PM Gen Hames [email protected] wrote:
Is there an easy answer to why __dirname is undefined? Easy to work around but feels unusual. Maybe it could be polyfilled as
import path from 'path'; const __dirname = path.dirname(new URL(import.meta.url).pathname);
As I saw here: https://techsparx.com/nodejs/esnext/dirname-es-modules.html
node --loader ts-node/esm.mjs ./ssr.ts (node:117914) ExperimentalWarning: --experimental-loader is an experimental feature. This feature could change at any time (Use
node --trace-warnings ...to show where the warning was created) ReferenceError: __dirname is not defined at new FileResourceLoader (file:///home/today//work/ssr.ts:11:43) at file:///home/today//work/ssr.ts:26:24 at ModuleJob.run (internal/modules/esm/module_job.js:110:37) at Loader.import (internal/modules/esm/loader.js:179:24)— You are receiving this because you were mentioned. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub https://github.com/TypeStrong/ts-node/issues/1007#issuecomment-642985145, or unsubscribe https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AAC35OEQUO7UIWHDS4ET43TRWFUHNANCNFSM4MGJCWPA .
@cspotcode is there a way to use transpile-only mode? I'm trying to run this in a ts-node-dev way and closest I've got is running nodemon along with -x "node --loader ...", but it's still throwing in type errors instead of just ignoring them (like tsnd does)
Set it in your tsconfig file. The SchemaStore schema for tsconfig, which is used for tabcompletion in modern editors, includes the ts-node options.
Environment variables should work, too
On Sat, Jun 20, 2020, 7:22 PM ejose19 [email protected] wrote:
@cspotcode https://github.com/cspotcode is there a way to use transpile-only mode? I'm trying to run this in a ts-node-dev way and closest I've got is running nodemon along with -x "node --loader ...", but it's still throwing in type errors instead of just ignoring them (like tsnd does)
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@cspotcode It worked, thanks! trying this on a non-prod project and so far is has been good, excluding the annoyances of using destructured imports, but besides from that all is working (even TLA), will try to integrate jest as well.
Scripts if anyone is interested for faster testing:
"scripts": {
"start": "node --loader ts-node/esm --experimental-specifier-resolution=node --experimental-top-level-await --no-warnings src/server.ts",
"dev": "nodemon -q -e ts,js,json -x npm start"
}
@cspotcode , node-esm-resolve-implementation doesn't support '--experimental-specifier-resolution=node' flag specified trough NODE_OPTIONS env variable because it looks into process.execArgv. Issue can be fixed via '-r module-which-modifies-process-exec-argv.js", but it's really ugly hack.
@VladimirGrenaderov Thanks, can you file this as an issue to help track implementation of a fix?
@cspotcode looks a bit confusing:
code from my node_modules (latest version, 8.10.2) - line commented:

https://github.com/TypeStrong/ts-node/blame/master/raw/node-esm-resolve-implementation.js

Somebody change the code before publish?
Because https://registry.npmjs.org/ts-node/-/ts-node-8.10.2.tgz contains commented line too.
Make sure you're looking at the correct version tag in GitHub, matching the npm version you're looking at.
On Sat, Jul 4, 2020, 2:36 PM Vladimir Grenaderov [email protected] wrote:
@cspotcode https://github.com/cspotcode looks a bit confusing:
code from my node_modules (latest version, 8.10.2) - line commented: [image: image] https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/20106607/86518838-42219100-be3d-11ea-8406-1031ed5e382c.png
https://github.com/TypeStrong/ts-node/blame/master/raw/node-esm-resolve-implementation.js [image: image] https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/20106607/86518851-6a10f480-be3d-11ea-8f0f-bfe7ed97b474.png [image: image] https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/20106607/86518861-79903d80-be3d-11ea-9bdd-7a3278c76a31.png
Somebody change the code before publish?
Because https://registry.npmjs.org/ts-node/-/ts-node-8.10.2.tgz contains commented line too.
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