[Feature] Support virtual column _tablet_id_

[murphyatwork]

Why I'm doing:

What I'm doing:

Add a virtual column _tablet_id_ for data diagnosis.

Fixes #63923

What type of PR is this:

• [ ] BugFix
• [x] Feature
• [ ] Enhancement
• [ ] Refactor
• [ ] UT
• [ ] Doc
• [ ] Tool

Does this PR entail a change in behavior?

• [ ] Yes, this PR will result in a change in behavior.
• [x] No, this PR will not result in a change in behavior.

If yes, please specify the type of change:

• [ ] Interface/UI changes: syntax, type conversion, expression evaluation, display information
• [ ] Parameter changes: default values, similar parameters but with different default values
• [ ] Policy changes: use new policy to replace old one, functionality automatically enabled
• [ ] Feature removed
• [ ] Miscellaneous: upgrade & downgrade compatibility, etc.

Checklist:

• [ ] I have added test cases for my bug fix or my new feature
• [ ] This pr needs user documentation (for new or modified features or behaviors)
  • [ ] I have added documentation for my new feature or new function
• [ ] This is a backport pr

Bugfix cherry-pick branch check:

• [x] I have checked the version labels which the pr will be auto-backported to the target branch
  • [ ] 4.0
  • [ ] 3.5
  • [ ] 3.4
  • [ ] 3.3

---

[!NOTE] Introduces hidden, read-only virtual column _tablet_id_ for OLAP/Lake tables, with FE/BE support, docs, configs, and tests, while preventing pushdown and adjusting planners/optimizations.

• Virtual Column Support
  • Add hidden, read-only _tablet_id_ virtual column surfaced in queries but excluded from SELECT *, DESCRIBE, and SHOW CREATE TABLE.
  • FE: expose virtual column via analyzer/planner; new enable_virtual_column config; propagate is_virtual_column through SlotDescriptor (Thrift/Proto).
  • BE: implement virtual_column.{h,cpp} and integrate into OLAP/Lake scan paths to populate _tablet_id_ and map slots; skip predicate pushdown on virtual columns; handle scans with only virtual columns by reading a key column for row count.
• Planner/Optimizer Adjustments
  • Skip virtual columns in predicate parsing, runtime filters, low-cardinality dict/MinMax stats, and MV rewrite utilities.
• APIs/Descriptors
  • Extend SlotDescriptor (Thrift/Proto/ProtoBuf) with is_virtual_column.
• Docs & Tests
  • Add docs (EN/JA/ZH) for virtual columns.
  • Add SQL tests validating _tablet_id_ behavior and table-defined _tablet_id_ precedence.

^{Written by Cursor Bugbot for commit f79a1baf7d643e4bf4536d2925bd181aaeaf65d3. This will update automatically on new commits. Configure here.}

[alvin-celerdata]

@cursor review

[mergify[bot]]

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[alvin-celerdata]

@cursor review

[github-actions[bot]]

[FE Incremental Coverage Report]

:white_check_mark: pass : 74 / 82 (90.24%)

file detail

	path	covered_line	new_line	coverage	not_covered_line_detail
:large_blue_circle:	com/starrocks/sql/optimizer/Utils.java	6	7	85.71%	[106]
:large_blue_circle:	com/starrocks/sql/analyzer/QueryAnalyzer.java	15	17	88.24%	[749, 751]
:large_blue_circle:	com/starrocks/catalog/Column.java	49	54	90.74%	[367, 418, 419, 421, 545]
:large_blue_circle:	com/starrocks/sql/optimizer/rule/transformation/materialization/MaterializedViewRewriter.java	3	3	100.00%	[]
:large_blue_circle:	com/starrocks/common/Config.java	1	1	100.00%	[]

[github-actions[bot]]

[BE Incremental Coverage Report]

:x: fail : 12 / 79 (15.19%)

file detail

	path	covered_line	new_line	coverage	not_covered_line_detail
:large_blue_circle:	be/src/connector/lake_connector.cpp	0	10	00.00%	[152, 230, 231, 232, 254, 257, 258, 260, 262, 263]
:large_blue_circle:	be/src/exec/pipeline/scan/olap_chunk_source.cpp	0	14	00.00%	[344, 345, 346, 376, 379, 380, 382, 384, 385, 618, 619, 620, 626, 716]
:large_blue_circle:	be/src/storage/virtual_column.cpp	2	40	05.00%	[34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 96, 97, 102, 103, 105, 106]
:large_blue_circle:	be/src/storage/predicate_parser.cpp	1	4	25.00%	[131, 161, 162]
:large_blue_circle:	be/src/exec/olap_scan_prepare.cpp	9	11	81.82%	[1284, 1285]

[alvin-celerdata]

@cursor review

[sonarqubecloud[bot]]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
14 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
0.0% Coverage on New Code
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarQube Cloud

[github-actions[bot]]

[Java-Extensions Incremental Coverage Report]

:white_check_mark: pass : 0 / 0 (0%)

[alvin-celerdata]

@cursor review