Centralize Ruby Version to `.ruby-version`

[george-ma]

The .ruby-version file is the ecosystem standard for defining a Ruby version. This PR adds the .ruby-version file, ensures a required_ruby_version is set, and removes all other references to Ruby in this repository, aligning it with the standard.

[!IMPORTANT] Please verify the following before merging:

Verify that the changes in the PR meets the following requirements or adjust manually to make it compliant:

• [x] .ruby-version file is present with the correct Ruby version defined
• [x] A required_ruby_version in your gemspec is set
• [x] There is no Ruby version present in the dev.yml Ruby task (before: - ruby: x.x.x, after: - ruby)
• [x] There is no Ruby version/requirement referenced in the Gemfile (no lines with ruby <some-version>)
• [x] The version of Rubocop installed is 1.61.0 or greater
• [x] There is no TargetRubyVersion defined in rubocop.yml (reads from required_ruby_version on Rubocop 1.61.0)
• [x] There is no Ruby argument present in ruby/setup-ruby Github Actions that do not run on a Ruby matrix (no lines with ruby-version: “x.x”)

To establish consistency, the required_ruby_versionis set to 3.0. If you think that another version is a better fit, please make the applicable changes.

Please merge this PR if it looks good, this PR will be merged if there isn't any activity after 4 weeks.