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A GEOSException error occurred when calling contourf
Description
I encountered a strange shapely.errors.GEOSException error when using cartopy to draw maps with contourf. The plotting works fine if I just use matplotlib without the cartopy projection transformation.
sample data: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1n1PkwgZez3Ukz-0klkll2YAJX46vOH-6/view?usp=sharing
Code to reproduce
The code runs normally if I execute the following.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
data = np.load('./data.npy')
lons = np.load('./lons.npy')
lats = np.load('./lats.npy')
plt.contourf(lons, lats, data, levels=np.arange(0, 101, 5))
plt.savefig('./output.png')
However, if I execute the following code, it results in an error.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
data = np.load('./data.npy')
lons = np.load('./lons.npy')
lats = np.load('./lats.npy')
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20, 10))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection=ccrs.GOOGLE_MERCATOR)
ax.contourf(lons, lats, data, levels=np.arange(0, 101, 5), cmap=plt.cm.PiYG, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
ax.set_extent((50, 160, 0, 60))
ax.set_axis_off()
fig.subplots_adjust(left=0, right=1, bottom=0, top=1)
fig.savefig('./output.png')
Traceback
GEOSException Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[7], line 11
9 fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20, 10))
10 ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection=ccrs.GOOGLE_MERCATOR)
---> 11 ax.contourf(lons, lats, data, levels=np.arange(0, 101, 5), cmap=plt.cm.PiYG, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
12 ax.set_extent((50, 160, 0, 60))
13 ax.set_axis_off()
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:315, in _add_transform.<locals>.wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs)
310 raise ValueError(f'Invalid transform: Spherical {func.__name__} '
311 'is not supported - consider using '
312 'PlateCarree/RotatedPole.')
314 kwargs['transform'] = transform
--> 315 return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:359, in _add_transform_first.<locals>.wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs)
357 # Use the new points as the input arguments
358 args = (x, y, z) + args[3:]
--> 359 return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:1666, in GeoAxes.contourf(self, *args, **kwargs)
1664 self.update_datalim(extent.get_points())
1665 else:
-> 1666 self.update_datalim(result.get_datalim(self.transData))
1668 self.autoscale_view()
1670 # Re-cast the contour as a GeoContourSet.
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:267, in Collection.get_datalim(self, transData)
264 return transforms.Bbox.null()
266 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 267 paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(p) for p in paths]
268 # Don't convert transform to transform.get_affine() here because
269 # we may have transform.contains_branch(transData) but not
270 # transforms.get_affine().contains_branch(transData). But later,
271 # be careful to only apply the affine part that remains.
273 offsets = self.get_offsets()
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:267, in <listcomp>(.0)
264 return transforms.Bbox.null()
266 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 267 paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(p) for p in paths]
268 # Don't convert transform to transform.get_affine() here because
269 # we may have transform.contains_branch(transData) but not
270 # transforms.get_affine().contains_branch(transData). But later,
271 # be careful to only apply the affine part that remains.
273 offsets = self.get_offsets()
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/transforms.py:2426, in CompositeGenericTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, path)
2424 return path
2425 elif not self._a.is_affine and self._b.is_affine:
-> 2426 return self._a.transform_path_non_affine(path)
2427 else:
2428 return self._b.transform_path_non_affine(
2429 self._a.transform_path(path))
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:182, in InterProjectionTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, src_path)
177 transformed_geoms = []
178 # Check whether this transform has the "force_path_ccw" attribute set.
179 # This is a cartopy extension to the Transform API to allow finer
180 # control of Path orientation handling (Path ordering is not important
181 # in matplotlib, but is in Cartopy).
--> 182 geoms = cpatch.path_to_geos(src_path,
183 getattr(self, 'force_path_ccw', False))
185 for geom in geoms:
186 proj_geom = self.target_projection.project_geometry(
187 geom, self.source_projection)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/patch.py:180, in path_to_geos(path, force_ccw)
175 if geom.is_empty:
176 pass
177 elif (len(collection) > 0 and
178 isinstance(collection[-1][0], sgeom.Polygon) and
179 isinstance(geom, sgeom.Polygon) and
--> 180 collection[-1][0].contains(geom.exterior)):
181 if any(internal.contains(geom) for internal in collection[-1][1]):
182 collection.append((geom, []))
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/geometry/base.py:675, in BaseGeometry.contains(self, other)
673 def contains(self, other):
674 """Returns True if the geometry contains the other, else False"""
--> 675 return _maybe_unpack(shapely.contains(self, other))
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/decorators.py:77, in multithreading_enabled.<locals>.wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
75 for arr in array_args:
76 arr.flags.writeable = False
---> 77 return func(*args, **kwargs)
78 finally:
79 for arr, old_flag in zip(array_args, old_flags):
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/predicates.py:526, in contains(a, b, **kwargs)
472 @multithreading_enabled
473 def contains(a, b, **kwargs):
474 """Returns True if geometry B is completely inside geometry A.
475
476 A contains B if no points of B lie in the exterior of A and at least one
(...)
524 False
525 """
--> 526 return lib.contains(a, b, **kwargs)
GEOSException: TopologyException: side location conflict at 97 16.5. This can occur if the input geometry is invalid.
Error in callback <function _draw_all_if_interactive at 0x10f89e5e0> (for post_execute):
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GEOSException Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py:197, in _draw_all_if_interactive()
195 def _draw_all_if_interactive() -> None:
196 if matplotlib.is_interactive():
--> 197 draw_all()
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/_pylab_helpers.py:132, in Gcf.draw_all(cls, force)
130 for manager in cls.get_all_fig_managers():
131 if force or manager.canvas.figure.stale:
--> 132 manager.canvas.draw_idle()
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:1893, in FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
1891 if not self._is_idle_drawing:
1892 with self._idle_draw_cntx():
-> 1893 self.draw(*args, **kwargs)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:388, in FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
385 # Acquire a lock on the shared font cache.
386 with (self.toolbar._wait_cursor_for_draw_cm() if self.toolbar
387 else nullcontext()):
--> 388 self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
389 # A GUI class may be need to update a window using this draw, so
390 # don't forget to call the superclass.
391 super().draw()
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3151 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3155 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3158 sfig.draw(renderer)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:535, in GeoAxes.draw(self, renderer, **kwargs)
530 self.imshow(img, extent=extent, origin=origin,
531 transform=factory.crs, *factory_args[1:],
532 **factory_kwargs)
533 self._done_img_factory = True
--> 535 return super().draw(renderer=renderer, **kwargs)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3070, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3067 if artists_rasterized:
3068 _draw_rasterized(self.figure, artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3070 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3071 renderer, self, artists, self.figure.suppressComposite)
3073 renderer.close_group('axes')
3074 self.stale = False
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:39, in _prevent_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
36 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
37 renderer._rasterizing = False
---> 39 return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/contour.py:1478, in ContourSet.draw(self, renderer)
1476 n_paths = len(paths)
1477 if not self.filled or all(hatch is None for hatch in self.hatches):
-> 1478 super().draw(renderer)
1479 return
1480 # In presence of hatching, draw contours one at a time.
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:354, in Collection.draw(self, renderer)
350 renderer.open_group(self.__class__.__name__, self.get_gid())
352 self.update_scalarmappable()
--> 354 transform, offset_trf, offsets, paths = self._prepare_points()
356 gc = renderer.new_gc()
357 self._set_gc_clip(gc)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:331, in Collection._prepare_points(self)
328 offsets = np.ma.column_stack([xs, ys])
330 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 331 paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(path)
332 for path in paths]
333 transform = transform.get_affine()
334 if not offset_trf.is_affine:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:331, in <listcomp>(.0)
328 offsets = np.ma.column_stack([xs, ys])
330 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 331 paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(path)
332 for path in paths]
333 transform = transform.get_affine()
334 if not offset_trf.is_affine:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/transforms.py:2426, in CompositeGenericTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, path)
2424 return path
2425 elif not self._a.is_affine and self._b.is_affine:
-> 2426 return self._a.transform_path_non_affine(path)
2427 else:
2428 return self._b.transform_path_non_affine(
2429 self._a.transform_path(path))
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:182, in InterProjectionTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, src_path)
177 transformed_geoms = []
178 # Check whether this transform has the "force_path_ccw" attribute set.
179 # This is a cartopy extension to the Transform API to allow finer
180 # control of Path orientation handling (Path ordering is not important
181 # in matplotlib, but is in Cartopy).
--> 182 geoms = cpatch.path_to_geos(src_path,
183 getattr(self, 'force_path_ccw', False))
185 for geom in geoms:
186 proj_geom = self.target_projection.project_geometry(
187 geom, self.source_projection)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/patch.py:180, in path_to_geos(path, force_ccw)
175 if geom.is_empty:
176 pass
177 elif (len(collection) > 0 and
178 isinstance(collection[-1][0], sgeom.Polygon) and
179 isinstance(geom, sgeom.Polygon) and
--> 180 collection[-1][0].contains(geom.exterior)):
181 if any(internal.contains(geom) for internal in collection[-1][1]):
182 collection.append((geom, []))
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/geometry/base.py:675, in BaseGeometry.contains(self, other)
673 def contains(self, other):
674 """Returns True if the geometry contains the other, else False"""
--> 675 return _maybe_unpack(shapely.contains(self, other))
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/decorators.py:77, in multithreading_enabled.<locals>.wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
75 for arr in array_args:
76 arr.flags.writeable = False
---> 77 return func(*args, **kwargs)
78 finally:
79 for arr, old_flag in zip(array_args, old_flags):
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/predicates.py:526, in contains(a, b, **kwargs)
472 @multithreading_enabled
473 def contains(a, b, **kwargs):
474 """Returns True if geometry B is completely inside geometry A.
475
476 A contains B if no points of B lie in the exterior of A and at least one
(...)
524 False
525 """
--> 526 return lib.contains(a, b, **kwargs)
GEOSException: TopologyException: side location conflict at 97 16.5. This can occur if the input geometry is invalid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GEOSException Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:340, in BaseFormatter.__call__(self, obj)
338 pass
339 else:
--> 340 return printer(obj)
341 # Finally look for special method names
342 method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py:152, in print_figure(fig, fmt, bbox_inches, base64, **kwargs)
149 from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
150 FigureCanvasBase(fig)
--> 152 fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
153 data = bytes_io.getvalue()
154 if fmt == 'svg':
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2158, in FigureCanvasBase.print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, bbox_inches, pad_inches, bbox_extra_artists, backend, **kwargs)
2155 # we do this instead of `self.figure.draw_without_rendering`
2156 # so that we can inject the orientation
2157 with getattr(renderer, "_draw_disabled", nullcontext)():
-> 2158 self.figure.draw(renderer)
2159 if bbox_inches:
2160 if bbox_inches == "tight":
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3151 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3155 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3158 sfig.draw(renderer)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:535, in GeoAxes.draw(self, renderer, **kwargs)
530 self.imshow(img, extent=extent, origin=origin,
531 transform=factory.crs, *factory_args[1:],
532 **factory_kwargs)
533 self._done_img_factory = True
--> 535 return super().draw(renderer=renderer, **kwargs)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3070, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3067 if artists_rasterized:
3068 _draw_rasterized(self.figure, artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3070 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3071 renderer, self, artists, self.figure.suppressComposite)
3073 renderer.close_group('axes')
3074 self.stale = False
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:39, in _prevent_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
36 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
37 renderer._rasterizing = False
---> 39 return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/contour.py:1478, in ContourSet.draw(self, renderer)
1476 n_paths = len(paths)
1477 if not self.filled or all(hatch is None for hatch in self.hatches):
-> 1478 super().draw(renderer)
1479 return
1480 # In presence of hatching, draw contours one at a time.
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:354, in Collection.draw(self, renderer)
350 renderer.open_group(self.__class__.__name__, self.get_gid())
352 self.update_scalarmappable()
--> 354 transform, offset_trf, offsets, paths = self._prepare_points()
356 gc = renderer.new_gc()
357 self._set_gc_clip(gc)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:331, in Collection._prepare_points(self)
328 offsets = np.ma.column_stack([xs, ys])
330 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 331 paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(path)
332 for path in paths]
333 transform = transform.get_affine()
334 if not offset_trf.is_affine:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:331, in <listcomp>(.0)
328 offsets = np.ma.column_stack([xs, ys])
330 if not transform.is_affine:
--> 331 paths = [transform.transform_path_non_affine(path)
332 for path in paths]
333 transform = transform.get_affine()
334 if not offset_trf.is_affine:
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/matplotlib/transforms.py:2426, in CompositeGenericTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, path)
2424 return path
2425 elif not self._a.is_affine and self._b.is_affine:
-> 2426 return self._a.transform_path_non_affine(path)
2427 else:
2428 return self._b.transform_path_non_affine(
2429 self._a.transform_path(path))
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:182, in InterProjectionTransform.transform_path_non_affine(self, src_path)
177 transformed_geoms = []
178 # Check whether this transform has the "force_path_ccw" attribute set.
179 # This is a cartopy extension to the Transform API to allow finer
180 # control of Path orientation handling (Path ordering is not important
181 # in matplotlib, but is in Cartopy).
--> 182 geoms = cpatch.path_to_geos(src_path,
183 getattr(self, 'force_path_ccw', False))
185 for geom in geoms:
186 proj_geom = self.target_projection.project_geometry(
187 geom, self.source_projection)
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/patch.py:180, in path_to_geos(path, force_ccw)
175 if geom.is_empty:
176 pass
177 elif (len(collection) > 0 and
178 isinstance(collection[-1][0], sgeom.Polygon) and
179 isinstance(geom, sgeom.Polygon) and
--> 180 collection[-1][0].contains(geom.exterior)):
181 if any(internal.contains(geom) for internal in collection[-1][1]):
182 collection.append((geom, []))
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/geometry/base.py:675, in BaseGeometry.contains(self, other)
673 def contains(self, other):
674 """Returns True if the geometry contains the other, else False"""
--> 675 return _maybe_unpack(shapely.contains(self, other))
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/decorators.py:77, in multithreading_enabled.<locals>.wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
75 for arr in array_args:
76 arr.flags.writeable = False
---> 77 return func(*args, **kwargs)
78 finally:
79 for arr, old_flag in zip(array_args, old_flags):
File ~/miniconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/predicates.py:526, in contains(a, b, **kwargs)
472 @multithreading_enabled
473 def contains(a, b, **kwargs):
474 """Returns True if geometry B is completely inside geometry A.
475
476 A contains B if no points of B lie in the exterior of A and at least one
(...)
524 False
525 """
--> 526 return lib.contains(a, b, **kwargs)
GEOSException: TopologyException: side location conflict at 97 16.5. This can occur if the input geometry is invalid.
<Figure size 1440x720 with 1 Axes>
Full environment definition
Operating system
MacOS
Cartopy version
0.22.0
conda list
# packages in environment at /Users/clarmylee/miniconda3:
#
# Name Version Build Channel
affine 2.4.0 pypi_0 pypi
aiohttp 3.9.3 pypi_0 pypi
aiosignal 1.3.1 pypi_0 pypi
aliyun-python-sdk-core 2.14.0 pypi_0 pypi
aliyun-python-sdk-kms 2.16.2 pypi_0 pypi
annotated-types 0.6.0 pypi_0 pypi
antlr4-python3-runtime 4.9.3 pypi_0 pypi
anyio 3.7.1 pypi_0 pypi
appnope 0.1.3 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
apscheduler 3.10.4 pypi_0 pypi
archspec 0.2.1 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge
argon2-cffi 23.1.0 pypi_0 pypi
argon2-cffi-bindings 21.2.0 pypi_0 pypi
arrow 1.3.0 pypi_0 pypi
asttokens 2.4.0 pypi_0 pypi
async-lru 2.0.4 pypi_0 pypi
async-timeout 4.0.3 pypi_0 pypi
attrs 23.1.0 pyh71513ae_1 conda-forge
babel 2.13.0 pypi_0 pypi
backcall 0.2.0 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge
backports 1.0 pyhd8ed1ab_3 conda-forge
backports.functools_lru_cache 1.6.5 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
beautifulsoup4 4.12.2 pyha770c72_0 conda-forge
black 23.10.1 pypi_0 pypi
blas 1.0 openblas
bleach 6.1.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
blosc 1.21.3 h313beb8_0
boltons 23.0.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
boost-cpp 1.78.0 hf1d6563_2 conda-forge
branca 0.7.0 pypi_0 pypi
brotlipy 0.7.0 py39h1a28f6b_1002
bzip2 1.0.8 h620ffc9_4
c-ares 1.19.1 h80987f9_0
c-blosc2 2.8.0 h313beb8_0
ca-certificates 2024.2.2 hf0a4a13_0 conda-forge
cairo 1.16.0 h73a0509_1014 conda-forge
cartopy 0.22.0 pypi_0 pypi
cattrs 23.2.3 pypi_0 pypi
cdsapi 0.6.1 pypi_0 pypi
certifi 2024.2.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
cf-units 3.2.0 py39h373d45f_4 conda-forge
cfchecker 4.1.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
cffi 1.15.0 py39h22df2f2_1
cfitsio 4.2.0 h2f961c4_0 conda-forge
cftime 1.6.3 py39h373d45f_0 conda-forge
cfunits 3.3.6 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
charset-normalizer 2.0.4 pyhd3eb1b0_0
click 8.1.7 pypi_0 pypi
click-plugins 1.1.1 pypi_0 pypi
cligj 0.7.2 pypi_0 pypi
cnmaps 1.1.7 pypi_0 pypi
colorama 0.4.4 pyhd3eb1b0_0
comm 0.1.4 pypi_0 pypi
compliance-checker 5.1.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
conda 23.7.4 py39h2804cbe_0 conda-forge
conda-content-trust 0.1.1 pyhd3eb1b0_0
conda-package-handling 2.2.0 pyh38be061_0 conda-forge
conda-package-streaming 0.9.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
confluent-kafka 2.3.0 pypi_0 pypi
contourpy 1.1.1 pypi_0 pypi
crcmod 1.7 pypi_0 pypi
cryptography 40.0.2 py39he2a39a8_0 conda-forge
curl 8.4.0 h02f6b3c_0
cycler 0.12.1 pypi_0 pypi
cyeva 0.1.0b11 pypi_0 pypi
dashscope 1.14.1 pypi_0 pypi
dataclasses 0.8 pyhc8e2a94_3 conda-forge
debugpy 1.8.0 pypi_0 pypi
decorator 5.1.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
defusedxml 0.7.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
eccodes 2.29.0 h4f94b83_1 conda-forge
entrypoints 0.4 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
exceptiongroup 1.1.3 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
executing 2.0.0 pypi_0 pypi
expat 2.5.0 hb7217d7_1 conda-forge
fastapi 0.104.1 pypi_0 pypi
fiona 1.9.5 pypi_0 pypi
fire 0.5.0 pypi_0 pypi
flatbuffers 23.5.26 pypi_0 pypi
fmt 10.1.1 h1995070_0 conda-forge
folium 0.15.0 pypi_0 pypi
font-ttf-dejavu-sans-mono 2.37 hab24e00_0 conda-forge
font-ttf-inconsolata 3.000 h77eed37_0 conda-forge
font-ttf-source-code-pro 2.038 h77eed37_0 conda-forge
font-ttf-ubuntu 0.83 hab24e00_0 conda-forge
fontconfig 2.14.2 h82840c6_0 conda-forge
fonts-conda-ecosystem 1 0 conda-forge
fonts-conda-forge 1 0 conda-forge
fonttools 4.43.1 pypi_0 pypi
fqdn 1.5.1 pypi_0 pypi
freetype 2.12.1 hadb7bae_2 conda-forge
freexl 1.0.6 h1a8c8d9_1 conda-forge
frozenlist 1.4.1 pypi_0 pypi
future 0.18.3 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
gdal 3.6.2 py39h766d3fc_9 conda-forge
geojson 3.1.0 pypi_0 pypi
geopandas 0.14.0 pypi_0 pypi
geos 3.11.1 hb7217d7_0 conda-forge
geotiff 1.7.1 hdcdc974_6 conda-forge
gettext 0.21.1 h0186832_0 conda-forge
giflib 5.2.1 h1a8c8d9_3 conda-forge
h11 0.14.0 pypi_0 pypi
hdf4 4.2.15 h1a38d6a_5 conda-forge
hdf5 1.12.2 nompi_ha7af310_101 conda-forge
howhigh 0.0.1 dev_0 <develop>
icu 70.1 h6b3803e_0 conda-forge
idna 3.3 pyhd3eb1b0_0
imageio 2.32.0 pypi_0 pypi
importlib-metadata 6.8.0 pyha770c72_0 conda-forge
importlib_resources 6.1.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
iniconfig 2.0.0 pypi_0 pypi
ipdb 0.13.13 pypi_0 pypi
ipykernel 6.25.2 pypi_0 pypi
ipython 8.16.1 pyh31c8845_0 conda-forge
ipython-genutils 0.2.0 pypi_0 pypi
ipython_genutils 0.2.0 py_1 conda-forge
ipywidgets 8.1.1 pypi_0 pypi
isodate 0.6.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
isoduration 20.11.0 pypi_0 pypi
isort 5.13.2 pypi_0 pypi
jasper 4.0.0 hc3cd1e9_0 conda-forge
jedi 0.19.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
jinja2 3.1.2 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge
jmespath 0.10.0 pypi_0 pypi
jpeg 9e h1a8c8d9_3 conda-forge
json-c 0.16 hc449e50_0 conda-forge
json5 0.9.14 pypi_0 pypi
jsonpatch 1.33 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
jsonpointer 2.4 pypi_0 pypi
jsonschema 4.19.1 pypi_0 pypi
jsonschema-specifications 2023.7.1 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter 1.0.0 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter-client 7.4.9 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter-console 6.6.3 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter-contrib-core 0.4.2 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter-core 5.4.0 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter-events 0.8.0 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter-lsp 2.2.0 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter-nbextensions-configurator 0.6.3 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter-server 2.8.0 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter-server-terminals 0.4.4 pypi_0 pypi
jupyter_client 7.3.4 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
jupyter_contrib_core 0.4.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
jupyter_contrib_nbextensions 0.7.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
jupyter_core 5.3.0 py39hca03da5_0
jupyter_highlight_selected_word 0.2.0 pyhd8ed1ab_1006 conda-forge
jupyter_latex_envs 1.4.6 pyhd8ed1ab_1002 conda-forge
jupyter_nbextensions_configurator 0.6.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
jupyterlab 4.0.7 pypi_0 pypi
jupyterlab-server 2.25.0 pypi_0 pypi
jupyterlab-widgets 3.0.9 pypi_0 pypi
jupyterlab_pygments 0.2.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
kealib 1.5.0 hfd766a6_0 conda-forge
kiwisolver 1.4.5 pypi_0 pypi
krb5 1.20.1 h69eda48_0 conda-forge
lazy-loader 0.3 pypi_0 pypi
lcms2 2.15 h481adae_0 conda-forge
lerc 4.0.0 h9a09cb3_0 conda-forge
libaec 1.0.6 hb7217d7_1 conda-forge
libarchive 3.6.2 h83f22c9_0 conda-forge
libcurl 8.4.0 h3e2b118_0
libcxx 16.0.6 h4653b0c_0 conda-forge
libdeflate 1.17 h1a8c8d9_0 conda-forge
libedit 3.1.20221030 h80987f9_0
libev 4.33 h1a28f6b_1
libexpat 2.5.0 hb7217d7_1 conda-forge
libffi 3.4.2 hc377ac9_2
libgdal 3.6.2 h8d4b95d_9 conda-forge
libgfortran 5.0.0 12_2_0_hd922786_32 conda-forge
libgfortran5 12.2.0 h0eea778_32 conda-forge
libglib 2.78.1 hd9b11f9_0 conda-forge
libiconv 1.17 he4db4b2_0 conda-forge
libkml 1.3.0 h4f02115_1016 conda-forge
libmamba 1.5.1 h6089622_0 conda-forge
libmambapy 1.5.1 py39hc4dfcfb_0 conda-forge
libnetcdf 4.9.1 nompi_h232cb48_101 conda-forge
libnghttp2 1.57.0 h62f6fdd_0
libopenblas 0.3.21 h269037a_0
libpng 1.6.39 h76d750c_0 conda-forge
libpq 15.2 h1a28acd_0 conda-forge
librttopo 1.1.0 h844f84d_12 conda-forge
libsodium 1.0.18 h27ca646_1 conda-forge
libsolv 0.7.25 ha614eb4_0 conda-forge
libspatialite 5.0.1 h14115fc_23 conda-forge
libsqlite 3.43.2 h091b4b1_0 conda-forge
libssh2 1.11.0 h7a5bd25_0 conda-forge
libtiff 4.5.0 h5dffbdd_2 conda-forge
libudunits2 2.2.28 h5f3f34b_3 conda-forge
libwebp-base 1.3.2 hb547adb_0 conda-forge
libxml2 2.10.3 h67585b2_4 conda-forge
libxslt 1.1.37 h1bd8bc4_0 conda-forge
libzip 1.10.1 ha0bc3c6_3 conda-forge
libzlib 1.2.13 h53f4e23_5 conda-forge
llvm-openmp 14.0.6 hc6e5704_0
llvmlite 0.41.1 pypi_0 pypi
loguru 0.7.2 pypi_0 pypi
lxml 4.9.2 py39h0520ce3_0 conda-forge
lz4 4.3.2 pypi_0 pypi
lz4-c 1.9.4 h313beb8_0
lzo 2.10 h1a28f6b_2
mamba 1.5.1 py39ha55b623_0 conda-forge
markupsafe 2.1.3 pypi_0 pypi
matplotlib 3.8.0 pypi_0 pypi
matplotlib-inline 0.1.6 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
mercantile 1.2.1 pypi_0 pypi
mistune 3.0.2 pypi_0 pypi
multidict 6.0.5 pypi_0 pypi
mypy-extensions 1.0.0 pypi_0 pypi
nbclassic 1.0.0 pypi_0 pypi
nbclient 0.8.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
nbconvert 7.9.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
nbconvert-core 7.9.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
nbconvert-pandoc 7.9.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
nbformat 5.9.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
ncurses 6.4 h7ea286d_0 conda-forge
nest-asyncio 1.5.8 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
netcdf4 1.6.5 pypi_0 pypi
networkx 3.2.1 pypi_0 pypi
notebook 7.0.6 pypi_0 pypi
notebook-shim 0.2.3 pypi_0 pypi
nspr 4.35 hb7217d7_0 conda-forge
nss 3.94 hc6b9969_0 conda-forge
numba 0.58.1 pypi_0 pypi
numexpr 2.8.7 py39hecc3335_0
numpy 1.26.1 pypi_0 pypi
numpy-base 1.26.0 py39ha9811e2_0
omegaconf 2.3.0 pypi_0 pypi
opencv-python 4.9.0.80 pypi_0 pypi
openjpeg 2.5.0 hbc2ba62_2 conda-forge
openmeteo-requests 1.1.0 pypi_0 pypi
openmeteo-sdk 1.7.2 pypi_0 pypi
openssl 3.2.1 h0d3ecfb_1 conda-forge
orjson 3.9.10 pypi_0 pypi
oss2 2.18.2 pypi_0 pypi
overrides 7.4.0 pypi_0 pypi
owslib 0.29.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
packaging 23.2 pypi_0 pypi
pandas 2.1.1 pypi_0 pypi
pandoc 3.1.3 hce30654_0 conda-forge
pandocfilters 1.5.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
parso 0.8.3 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
pathspec 0.11.2 pypi_0 pypi
pcre2 10.40 hb34f9b4_0 conda-forge
pendulum 2.1.2 py39h0f82c59_6 conda-forge
pexpect 4.8.0 pyh1a96a4e_2 conda-forge
pickleshare 0.7.5 py_1003 conda-forge
pillow 10.0.1 pypi_0 pypi
pint 0.18 pypi_0 pypi
pip 21.2.4 py39hca03da5_0
pixman 0.42.2 h13dd4ca_0 conda-forge
pkgutil-resolve-name 1.3.10 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge
platformdirs 3.11.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
pluggy 1.3.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
poppler 23.03.0 h9564b9f_0 conda-forge
poppler-data 0.4.12 hd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
postgresql 15.2 h45c140d_0 conda-forge
proj 9.1.1 h13f728c_2 conda-forge
prometheus_client 0.17.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
prompt-toolkit 3.0.39 pyha770c72_0 conda-forge
prompt_toolkit 3.0.39 hd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
psutil 5.9.6 pypi_0 pypi
ptyprocess 0.7.0 pyhd3deb0d_0 conda-forge
pure_eval 0.2.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
py-cpuinfo 9.0.0 py39hca03da5_0
pyapollos 0.1.5 pypi_0 pypi
pybind11-abi 4 hd8ed1ab_3 conda-forge
pycosat 0.6.3 py39h1a28f6b_0
pycparser 2.21 pyhd3eb1b0_0
pycryptodome 3.19.0 pypi_0 pypi
pydantic 2.5.1 pypi_0 pypi
pydantic-core 2.14.3 pypi_0 pypi
pygeohash 1.2.0 pypi_0 pypi
pygeoif 1.1.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
pygments 2.16.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
pygrib 2.1.4 py39h914d841_8 conda-forge
pymetaf 0.1.3 pypi_0 pypi
pyopenssl 23.2.0 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge
pyparsing 3.1.1 pypi_0 pypi
pyproj 3.6.1 pypi_0 pypi
pyrsistent 0.18.0 py39h1a28f6b_0
pyshp 2.3.1 pypi_0 pypi
pysocks 1.7.1 py39hca03da5_0
pytables 3.7.0 py39h8abd629_3 conda-forge
pyterrain 0.0.2 pypi_0 pypi
pytest 7.4.4 pypi_0 pypi
python 3.9.18 hfa1ae8a_0_cpython conda-forge
python-dateutil 2.8.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
python-fastjsonschema 2.18.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
python-json-logger 2.0.7 pypi_0 pypi
python.app 3 py39h1a28f6b_0
python_abi 3.9 2_cp39 conda-forge
pytz 2023.3.post1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
pytzdata 2020.1 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge
pyyaml 6.0.1 pypi_0 pypi
pyzmq 24.0.1 pypi_0 pypi
qtconsole 5.4.4 pypi_0 pypi
qtpy 2.4.0 pypi_0 pypi
rasterio 1.3.9 pypi_0 pypi
readline 8.2 h92ec313_1 conda-forge
redis 5.0.3 pypi_0 pypi
referencing 0.30.2 pypi_0 pypi
regex 2023.10.3 py39h0f82c59_0 conda-forge
reproc 14.2.4.post0 h93a5062_1 conda-forge
reproc-cpp 14.2.4.post0 h965bd2d_1 conda-forge
requests 2.31.0 pypi_0 pypi
requests-cache 1.1.1 pypi_0 pypi
retry-requests 2.0.0 pypi_0 pypi
retrying 1.3.4 pypi_0 pypi
rfc3339-validator 0.1.4 pypi_0 pypi
rfc3986-validator 0.1.1 pypi_0 pypi
rpds-py 0.10.6 pypi_0 pypi
ruamel.yaml 0.17.16 py39h5161555_0 conda-forge
ruamel.yaml.clib 0.2.2 py39h46acfd9_2 conda-forge
ruamel_yaml 0.15.100 py39h1a28f6b_0
scikit-image 0.22.0 pypi_0 pypi
scipy 1.11.3 pypi_0 pypi
send2trash 1.8.2 pypi_0 pypi
setuptools 68.2.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
shapely 2.0.3 pypi_0 pypi
six 1.16.0 pyhd3eb1b0_1
sniffio 1.3.0 pypi_0 pypi
snuggs 1.4.7 pypi_0 pypi
soupsieve 2.5 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge
sqlite 3.38.2 h1058600_0
stack-data 0.6.3 pypi_0 pypi
stack_data 0.6.2 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
starlette 0.27.0 pypi_0 pypi
termcolor 2.3.0 pypi_0 pypi
terminado 0.17.1 pyhd1c38e8_0 conda-forge
tifffile 2024.2.12 pypi_0 pypi
tiledb 2.13.2 h9bd36d0_0 conda-forge
timeout-decorator 0.5.0 pypi_0 pypi
tinycss2 1.2.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
tk 8.6.13 hb31c410_0 conda-forge
tokei 12.1.1 h6ee1f66_0 conda-forge
toml 0.10.2 pypi_0 pypi
tomli 2.0.1 pypi_0 pypi
toolz 0.12.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
tornado 6.3.3 pypi_0 pypi
tqdm 4.66.1 pypi_0 pypi
traitlets 5.11.2 pypi_0 pypi
types-python-dateutil 2.8.19.14 pypi_0 pypi
typing-extensions 4.8.0 hd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
typing_extensions 4.8.0 pyha770c72_0 conda-forge
tzcode 2023c h1a8c8d9_0 conda-forge
tzdata 2023.3 pypi_0 pypi
tzlocal 5.2 pypi_0 pypi
udunits2 2.2.28 h5f3f34b_3 conda-forge
uri-template 1.3.0 pypi_0 pypi
uriparser 0.9.7 hb7217d7_1 conda-forge
url-normalize 1.4.3 pypi_0 pypi
urllib3 1.26.8 pyhd3eb1b0_0
uvicorn 0.24.0.post1 pypi_0 pypi
validators 0.22.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
wcwidth 0.2.8 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
webcolors 1.13 pypi_0 pypi
webencodings 0.5.1 pyhd8ed1ab_2 conda-forge
websocket-client 1.6.4 pypi_0 pypi
wget 3.2 pypi_0 pypi
wheel 0.37.1 pyhd3eb1b0_0
widgetsnbextension 4.0.9 pypi_0 pypi
xarray 2023.10.1 pypi_0 pypi
xerces-c 3.2.4 h627aa08_1 conda-forge
xz 5.4.2 h80987f9_0
yaml 0.2.5 h1a28f6b_0
yaml-cpp 0.7.0 h13dd4ca_3 conda-forge
yarl 1.9.4 pypi_0 pypi
zeromq 4.3.4 hc377ac9_0
zipp 3.17.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge
zlib 1.2.13 h53f4e23_5 conda-forge
zlib-ng 2.0.7 h80987f9_0
zstandard 0.21.0 py39haf70649_1 conda-forge
zstd 1.5.5 hd90d995_0
pip list
Package Version Location
--------------------------------- ------------ -----------------------------------
affine 2.4.0
aiohttp 3.9.3
aiosignal 1.3.1
aliyun-python-sdk-core 2.14.0
aliyun-python-sdk-kms 2.16.2
annotated-types 0.6.0
antlr4-python3-runtime 4.9.3
anyio 3.7.1
appnope 0.1.3
APScheduler 3.10.4
archspec 0.2.1
argon2-cffi 23.1.0
argon2-cffi-bindings 21.2.0
arrow 1.3.0
asttokens 2.4.1
async-lru 2.0.4
async-timeout 4.0.3
attrs 23.1.0
Babel 2.13.0
backcall 0.2.0
backports.functools-lru-cache 1.6.5
beautifulsoup4 4.12.2
black 23.10.1
bleach 6.1.0
boltons 23.0.0
branca 0.7.0
brotlipy 0.7.0
Cartopy 0.22.0
cattrs 23.2.3
cdsapi 0.6.1
certifi 2024.2.2
cf-units 3.2.0
cfchecker 4.1.0
cffi 1.15.0
cftime 1.6.3
cfunits 3.3.6
charset-normalizer 2.0.4
click 8.1.7
click-plugins 1.1.1
cligj 0.7.2
cnmaps 1.1.7
colorama 0.4.4
comm 0.1.4
compliance-checker 5.1.0
conda 23.7.4
conda-content-trust 0+unknown
conda-package-handling 2.2.0
conda_package_streaming 0.9.0
confluent-kafka 2.3.0
contourpy 1.1.1
crcmod 1.7
cryptography 40.0.2
cycler 0.12.1
cyeva 0.1.0b11
dashscope 1.14.1
dataclasses 0.8
debugpy 1.8.0
decorator 5.1.1
defusedxml 0.7.1
entrypoints 0.4
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Thanks for the report @Clarmy. This looks like it could be the same problem as #2260. Please could you try again with the newly released Cartopy 0.23?
@rcomer Thank you for your reply. I just tried upgrading cartopy to version 0.23, and then reran the previous code, but it still produced the same error as before. It seems that my issue is not the same as issue #2260.
@rcomer Hello, I have found the root cause of the issue. When using the contourf function to create contour line path data, the polygon object may encounter topological errors. This error might be caused by the presence of overlapping points in the polygon, which could be introduced by matplotlib during the plotting process. Cartopy does not perform the corresponding checks in this case. After debugging, I have found a solution and have submitted a PR: #2373. Please take some time to review and approve it.