feat: add node 24 docker image support

[o-liver]

Add Docker build jobs for Node 24.7.0 with Java 17, 21, and 23 combinations following the same pattern as existing Node 22 support.

• Add publish-to-dockerhub-java17-node24 job
• Add publish-to-dockerhub-java21-node24 job
• Add publish-to-dockerhub-java23-node24 job
• Update scripts/common_image to validate Node major version 24
• Integrate new jobs into release workflow with proper dependencies

Existing GPG keys are sufficient for Node 24 release verification.

Before submitting a pull request, please ensure the following:

Description

Please explain the changes you made.

Add a link to the design (if applicable).

Checklist

• [ ] Code compiles correctly
• [ ] Relevant tests were added (unit / contract / integration)
• [ ] Relevant logs were added
• [ ] Formatting and linting run locally successfully
• [ ] All tests pass
• [ ] UA review
• [ ] Design is documented
• [ ] Extended the README / documentation, if necessary
• [ ] Open source is approved

[o-liver]

Call for review: @yutaoj @young-yang03 @goodboyws

[o-liver]

Used this PR as a reference: https://github.com/SAP/cloud-mta-build-tool/pull/1127

[whydrae]

Hi colleagues @yutaoj @young-yang03 @goodboyws. Is there any plans to merge this one soon? Node 24 went into LTS recently and would be great to start using it: https://nodejs.org/en/blog/release/v24.11.0

[Shingaz]

Hello @yutaoj @young-yang03 @goodboyws. Could you please review this pull request so the image can be published?

[Magoli1]

Hey @yutaoj @young-yang03 @goodboyws Lets have this merged! Any ETA on this?