[src] add rt_hw_cpu_id() wrapper API

[polarvid]

拉取/合并请求描述：(PR description)

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为什么提交这份PR (why to submit this PR)

rt_hw_cpu_id() is an unsafe API which should not be used by most codes directly. It's error-prone because it must be used in proper context, otherwise it can lead to errors and unpredictable behavior.

你的解决方案是什么 (what is your solution)

This patch adds a wrapper API for rt_hw_cpu_id() to address this risk. It includes the context-checking functionality and provides a safer alternative for obtaining CPU IDs, ensuring that it is used correctly within the appropriate context.

请提供验证的bsp和config (provide the config and bsp)

• BSP:

• .config:

• action:

]

当前拉取/合并请求的状态 Intent for your PR

必须选择一项 Choose one (Mandatory):

• [ ] 本拉取/合并请求是一个草稿版本 This PR is for a code-review and is intended to get feedback
• [ ] 本拉取/合并请求是一个成熟版本 This PR is mature, and ready to be integrated into the repo

代码质量 Code Quality：

我在这个拉取/合并请求中已经考虑了 As part of this pull request, I've considered the following:

• [ ] 已经仔细查看过代码改动的对比 Already check the difference between PR and old code
• [ ] 代码风格正确，包括缩进空格，命名及其他风格 Style guide is adhered to, including spacing, naming and other styles
• [ ] 没有垃圾代码，代码尽量精简，不包含#if 0代码，不包含已经被注释了的代码 All redundant code is removed and cleaned up
• [ ] 所有变更均有原因及合理的，并且不会影响到其他软件组件代码或BSP All modifications are justified and not affect other components or BSP
• [ ] 对难懂代码均提供对应的注释 I've commented appropriately where code is tricky
• [ ] 代码是高质量的 Code in this PR is of high quality
• [ ] 已经使用formatting 等源码格式化工具确保格式符合RT-Thread代码规范 This PR complies with RT-Thread code specification