Integrate clang-format into CI and IDEs

[Metadorius]

### Tasks
- [ ] Figure out and document/automate the steps to integrate and use clang-format in (at least) VS, (hopefully) VSCode, (maybe) CLion (but no one uses it so whatever)
- [ ] Create the rules for clang-format based on our style
- [ ] Write a workflow for CI to check formatting

[Metadorius]

Reference for the style config: https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormatStyleOptions.html