[Build, CI, Dependencies] Split out other dependencies

[nedvedba]

This issue serves as the master issue for splitting out all of the other dependencies not specified in #1379, #1380, #1381, #1382. These libraries have been grouped together because they either build extremely quickly or are very small, such that if one of them needed a rebuild, the others would not add a meaningful amount of time to the build. This image will pull from the base cmake dependency build image, and I will update this issue as progress/problems are encountered.

So far, the included libraries are

• libnlohmann
• libnlohmann schema