ci: Enable Address Sanitizer pipeline

[def-]

Closes https://github.com/MaterializeInc/materialize/issues/19934. This should help us find memory corruptions from unsafe Rust code and our C/C++ dependencies faster and more reliably than waiting for segfaults to occur.

Edit: I totally missed bin/san and misc/sanshim/cargo existing already, oops.

Checklist

• [ ] This PR has adequate test coverage / QA involvement has been duly considered.
• [ ] This PR has an associated up-to-date design doc, is a design doc (template), or is sufficiently small to not require a design.
• [ ] If this PR evolves an existing $T ⇔ Proto$T mapping (possibly in a backwards-incompatible way), then it is tagged with a T-proto label.
• [ ] If this PR will require changes to cloud orchestration or tests, there is a companion cloud PR to account for those changes that is tagged with the release-blocker label (example).
• [ ] This PR includes the following user-facing behavior changes:

[def-]

SLT has lots of failures already, will have to fix/ignore them somehow: https://gist.github.com/def-/45e08b7fd3cd7cc5d88dce6ecc823682