Update Dockerfile (#43)

[Lissy93]

Updates the Dockerfile with changes suggested by @GWnbsp in https://github.com/Lissy93/web-check/issues/43#issuecomment-1719212234

Summary of Changes

1. ARG Statements: Introduced ARG statements for Node.js and Debian versions, making the Dockerfile more customizable.
2. SHELL Command: Changed the default shell to Bash with certain options enabled, improving robustness.
3. Chromium Installation: Updated Chromium installation to use Google's signing keys and repositories, aiming for more secure and up-to-date packages.
4. Chromium Version: Added a step to save Chromium's version into /etc/chromium-version for reference.
5. Directory Creation: Added a new directory /app/data in the container's filesystem.
6. CMD Change: Changed the CMD to start Node.js server (server.js) instead of using yarn serve.
7. General Cleanup and Comments: Code has been refactored for better readability and detailed comments have been added for clarity.
8. Dependency Installation: Kept yarn install and the removal of the Yarn cache, but the command is more streamlined.
9. Other Minor Changes: 9.1. Added flags like -qq and --no-install-recommends for quieter and optimized installation. 9.2. Enhanced cleanup with rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*.

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