feat: Ubuntu 24.04 (Noble Numbat)

[curiositycasualty]

Summary

This PR introduces the next LTS version of Ubuntu, and makes it the default Ubuntu version used for building PRs, the -ubuntu tagged docker images, etc.

The biggest change I've noticed so far is that the ubuntu/noble docker image has an ubuntu user pre-populated in it. Making the kong user created by our postinstall.sh script, UID 1001 (vs. the ubuntu user's 1000). The jammy image has/had no such initial user.

Checklist

• [na] The Pull Request has tests
• [x] A changelog file has been created under changelog/unreleased/kong or skip-changelog label added on PR if changelog is unnecessary. README.md
• [x] There is a user-facing docs PR against https://github.com/Kong/docs.konghq.com - PUT DOCS PR HERE

Issue reference

Fix #KAG-4672

[curiositycasualty]

@fffonion August seems to be when mid 24.04.1 is expected out. So I guess we can park this PR for another 2 months. Let me get a different PR prepped for runs-on:.

[curiositycasualty]

Drafting for the time being.

[curiositycasualty]

Rumored released dates for 24.04.1 are: mid/15th of August.

[fffonion]

@curiositycasualty I thought it was end of August, anyway we might need to work on this now. Could you split this PR into two parts though, one for adding 24.04 to release artifacts, and another for bumping "runs-on" on ubuntu 24.04 for all workflows.

[curiositycasualty]

Replaced by: https://github.com/Kong/kong/pull/13626