Implemented `try-catch` block statements for catching and handling errors

[Luna-Klatzer]

What type of change does this PR perform?

• [ ] Info or documentation change (Non-breaking change that updates repo info files (e.g. README.md, CONTRIBUTING.md, etc.) or online documentation)
• [ ] Website (Change that changes the design or functionality of the websites or docs)
• [ ] Development or internal changes (These changes do not add new features or fix bugs, but update the code in other ways)
• [ ] Bug fix (Non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• [x] New feature (Non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• [ ] Breaking change (Major bug fix or feature that would cause existing functionality not to work as expected.)
• [x] Requires a documentation update, as it changes language or compiler behaviour

Summary

Implemented try-catch block statements for catching and handling errors. This PR simply implements a similar system which is already present in JavaScript, but with additional syntax sugar.

Closes #654

Detailed Changelog

Not present for website/docs changes

WIP...

Does this PR create new warnings?

WIP...

Linked issues or PRs

• [ ] #654