C++ exceptions from backend as Python exceptions

[samir-nasibli]

It would greatly enhance user's experience if C++ exceptions where intercepted and rethrown as Python exceptions.

Detected on review #170

[oleksandr-pavlyk]

Relevant: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10684983/handling-custom-c-exceptions-in-cython

This is what Cython generates for the line cdef queue* q = new queue():

 try {
    __pyx_t_6 = new cl::sycl::queue();
  } catch(...) {
    __Pyx_CppExn2PyErr();
    __PYX_ERR(0, 18, __pyx_L1_error)
  }

where

#ifndef __Pyx_CppExn2PyErr
#include <new>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <ios>
static void __Pyx_CppExn2PyErr() {
  try {
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
      ; // let the latest Python exn pass through and ignore the current one
    else
      throw;
  } catch (const std::bad_alloc& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, exn.what());
  } catch (const std::bad_cast& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, exn.what());
  } catch (const std::bad_typeid& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, exn.what());
  } catch (const std::domain_error& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, exn.what());
  } catch (const std::invalid_argument& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, exn.what());
  } catch (const std::ios_base::failure& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError, exn.what());
  } catch (const std::out_of_range& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, exn.what());
  } catch (const std::overflow_error& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, exn.what());
  } catch (const std::range_error& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ArithmeticError, exn.what());
  } catch (const std::underflow_error& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ArithmeticError, exn.what());
  } catch (const std::exception& exn) {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, exn.what());
  }
  catch (...)
  {
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Unknown exception");
  }
}
#endif

[shssf]

If you use this approach and call Cython function from another Cython function - exception will be ignored. Example: DPNP exception functions https://github.com/IntelPython/dpnp/blame/master/dpnp/dpnp_utils.pyx#L113 We used such approach for them and have delete it.