Adapt to ubuntu-latest change from 22.04 -> 24.04

[chcg]

• ubuntu latest changed from 22.04 -> 24.04 causing problems with jurplel/install-qt-action, so use 22.04 until action is fixed
• added linux-android and macos-ios builds
• added debug builds to macos and macos-ios

Seems not in all cases ubuntu-latest is already at 24.04, also documented here https://github.com/actions/runner-images

I updated the PR to use the specific version 24.04 for the combined build.