CI: Add runner that builds MSVC target with `clang`/`clang++`

[mmuetzel]

This is just to demonstrate the issue discussed in #750.

The issue probably needs a fix in upstream CMake (not in SuiteSparse). Please, do not merge (until this is fixed upstream and the fix made its way to Visual Studio).

[mmuetzel]

The (upstream) issue is that the OpenMP libraries aren't set for some reason by FindOpenMP.cmake:

-- OpenMP C libraries:       
-- OpenMP C include:         
-- OpenMP C flags:          -fopenmp=libomp 

IIUC, they should be set to the same as when building with clang-cl:

-- OpenMP C libraries:      C:/Program Files/Microsoft Visual Studio/2022/Enterprise/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.37.32822/lib/x64/libomp.lib 
-- OpenMP C include:         
-- OpenMP C flags:          -Xclang -fopenmp 

[mmuetzel]

The following change to the file provided by CMake fixes the issue for me locally:

diff --git a/Modules/FindOpenMP.cmake b/Modules/FindOpenMP.cmake
index 69099f7620..a311b915dd 100644
--- a/Modules/FindOpenMP.cmake
+++ b/Modules/FindOpenMP.cmake
@@ -224,7 +224,8 @@ function(_OPENMP_GET_FLAGS LANG FLAG_MODE OPENMP_FLAG_VAR OPENMP_LIB_NAMES_VAR)
       OUTPUT_VARIABLE OpenMP_TRY_COMPILE_OUTPUT
     )
 
-    if(OpenMP_COMPILE_RESULT_${FLAG_MODE}_${OPENMP_PLAIN_FLAG})
+    if(OpenMP_COMPILE_RESULT_${FLAG_MODE}_${OPENMP_PLAIN_FLAG} AND
+       NOT CMAKE_${LANG}_SIMULATE_ID STREQUAL "MSVC")
       set("${OPENMP_FLAG_VAR}" "${OPENMP_FLAG}" PARENT_SCOPE)
 
       if(CMAKE_${LANG}_VERBOSE_FLAG)

I don't know if this is the correct change though or if this might break something else.

[mmuetzel]

#761 would probably fix the build error where it is failing currently.

[mmuetzel]

With the last experiment, the OpenMP libraries are detected correctly also for the runner that uses clang targeting MSVC: https://github.com/DrTimothyAldenDavis/SuiteSparse/actions/runs/7804679990/job/21287194730#step:15:152

-- OpenMP C libraries:      C:/Program Files/Microsoft Visual Studio/2022/Enterprise/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.37.32822/lib/x64/libomp.lib 
-- OpenMP C include:         
-- OpenMP C flags:          -fopenmp=libomp 

[mmuetzel]

Rebased to check if this is fixed in the CMake version ~~included in MSVC 19.40~~ that is used on the latest version of the GitHub runner images.

[mmuetzel]

It looks like this is working with the versions of MSVC, Clang, and CMake on the current GitHub runner images: https://github.com/DrTimothyAldenDavis/SuiteSparse/actions/runs/9403462108/job/25906182377?pr=760#step:15:134

-- Found OpenMP_C: -fopenmp=libomp (found version "5.1")
-- Found OpenMP: TRUE (found version "5.1") found components: C
-- SuiteSparse_config has OpenMP: ON
[...]
-- OpenMP C libraries:      C:/Program Files/Microsoft Visual Studio/2022/Enterprise/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.40.33807/lib/x64/libomp.lib 
-- OpenMP C include:         
-- OpenMP C flags:          -fopenmp=libomp 

Converted from draft to "ready for review".