[Term Entry] C++ Math Functions: `log10()`

[Dusch4593]

Reason/inspiration (optional)

Under cpp/concepts/math-functions/terms/, create a new term entry for the log10() function.

• In the terms/ folder, make a new folder called log10
• Inside the log10 folder, create a new markdown file called log10.md
• Inside the file, be sure to include a "Syntax" section with a ```pseudo code snippet.
• Let's include an "Example" section with a ```cpp code snippet.
• Lastly, let's include a "Codebyte Example" with a runnable ```codebyte/cpp

Please refer to the entry templates, content standards, and markdown style guide when working on the PR for this issue.

Entry Type (select all that apply)

New Term for Existing Concept Entry

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