Build out form validation error states for patient discovery form

[fzhao99]

Right now, entering invalid information on the patient search form doesn't trigger any error states. We should do so to make sure the user knows when the information they're inputting is insufficient. In some cases we're logging error messages out to the console, so doing a find for console.error may be a good place to start identifying where we could present better error state info to the user.

Worth chatting with design (cc @mikang) for whether we want to solve this at a design-system level (ie when do we want to populate in-line error messages? An error toast? What other patterns should we adopt from the USWDS standards?)

This will be much easier to do once we have #2650 finished.

Example: Private Zenhub Video