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Deploying a Django project to AWS using GitHub Actions and CodeDeploy Blue/Green Deployment + EC2 (Works w/ Flask/FastAPI/Rails)

GitHub Actions EC2 Blue/Green Deployment

================ ===================================================================== Created by Andrew-Chen-Wang_ Created on 4 August 2021 (for posterity since AWS changes stuff now and then) Finished Writing 8 August 2021 (I slacked off for a day :P) ================ =====================================================================

Cookiecutter Django with GitHub Actions CD (on push to main/master and manual deployment using a button) to EC2 using CodeDeploy Blue/Green deployment method for zero downtime.

This tutorial covers a lot from the ground up, including: setting up our web server for automatic deployment on push to main/master, maintaining good security practices from short explanations, baby steps on which values you should input, setting up a buffering reverse proxy called NGINX (sync framework only, which will be explained later), setting up a database using AWS RDS, setting up something I coined single-execution per-deployment scripts, and a neat FAQ from 0-years of experience in DevOps explaining how to run Celery alongside your app in either the same server or different servers.

.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/built%20with-Cookiecutter%20Django-ff69b4.svg?logo=cookiecutter :target: https://github.com/pydanny/cookiecutter-django/ :alt: Built with Cookiecutter Django .. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg :target: https://github.com/ambv/black :alt: Black code style

:License: Apache Software License 2.0

Introduction

We'll be deploying a Django application from GitHub Actions on main branch push or manual button push using the Blue/Green deployment method (no downtime) using CodeDeploy, EC2 (not ECS; visit my other tutorial for ECS), Parameter Store (for environment variables), ALB/ELB (AWS load balancers that'll manager your SSL and for easier configuration IP address configuration for A records) and AWS RDS PostgreSQL. Blue/Green deployment guarantees no downtime with a catch; you'll need to code with no-downtime in mind meaning your new database schema/migration or new views/endpoints shouldn't crash servers that haven't received the new code yet. Visit GitLab's database migration docs for a nice guide (GitLab uses Ruby on Rails, but the concepts are the same for the Ruby + Python ecosystem).

.. _tutorial for ECS: https://github.com/Andrew-Chen-Wang/cookiecutter-django-ecs-github .. _GitLab's database migration docs: https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/migration_style_guide.html#avoiding-downtime

This uses a Django application for deployment; if you're using some other framework like Ruby on Rails or Flask, I will mention where you can change the code to adjust to your own. I will be using t2/t3.micro over the course of this tutorial. To properly estimate your billing, visit https://calculator.aws/ <https://calculator.aws/>_

Why did I write this tutorial? Like the ECS tutorial, I was just afraid I forgot all the concepts. Plus, it's really useful when you have a new project and need to speedrun getting the application up. The ECS version takes at most 30 minutes (proficiently 15). This one should take about 20-40 minutes, but first-time readers will take 1-2 hours.

To me, this is a preferable method over my ECS (containerized/Docker) tutorial_ which forces you to save your Docker images somewhere, costing you some extra bucks. Besides that, both methods are pretty neat.

.. _ECS (containerized/Docker) tutorial: https://github.com/Andrew-Chen-Wang/cookiecutter-django-ecs-github

I prefer to use AWS via the console for two reasons:

  1. I am too lazy to learn how to use AWS Cloudformation or Terraform, and I don't believe in copying code that I can't eventually understand (i.e. I don't think I'll ever be learning the aforementioned code-based services, ansible, etc.)
  2. AWS updates their dashboard often, so going to their dashboard often is a good way of keeping up with updates. Also knowing your options and the descriptions provided is enough for me to be a keeper for the AWS Console.
  3. Going through the console offers an opportunity to learn how the entire AWS infrastructure works and is nice in comparison to code-based deployment which can screw everything up all at once.

What we'll be setting up ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

I'll assume you have a production ready setup (cookiecutter-django provides production.py which will configure your application properties properly) on GitHub. I'll also assume you have some kind of domain to use and registered in AWS Route 53 with a Hosted Zone (where you'll be charged 50 cents per month just to keep DNS records. I know... and I don't know why...).

Explanation (you can skip this and head to the Deployment <#Deployment>_ section):

We'll be adding a buffering reverse proxy called Nginx. You can think of it as another load balancer; if you've ever used Sentry and not have a buffer proxy (not the same as a WSGI/ASGI server like gunicorn/uwsgi), you'll know that a bunch of bots keep attacking an IP address of one of your servers instead of through your ALB/ELB (i.e. external load balancer). That's where your server may crash if you didn't have a certificate configured with it.

We'll also be adding an HTTP server that is production suitable. The default local server your web framework provides does not give many options that a dedicated server can give such as threading, different methods of distributing HTTP requests (i.e. worker types like Uvicorn workers + Gunicorn for ASGI/PubSub type work), how much resources to the server should be allowed to consume like cores and memory, etc.. You may be wondering why your framework doesn't offer these things.

Your web framework is dedicated to being a web framework, not a server. Through the open source philosophy, we've packaged our things into small-ish modules that have their own dedicated work. Hence, you'll see Django, Flask, and Rails application say to use Gunicorn/Unicorn all the time regardless of the web framework in use.

Deployment

Pre-requisites:

  • You are logged in to AWS Console
  • Have a domain, preferably in Route 53. If you just registered a domain from a different registrar like Google Domains, you need to wait 60 days before being able to transfer as required by ICANN. It's manageable not being on AWS Route 53, but will take more steps that I'm not going to bother explaining. (i.e. I made that stupid mistake of using Google Domains knowing I'd be running on AWS lmao). I'll explain what you can try to do in those sections.

GitHub Integration ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

  1. Head to the AWS Console
  2. Search for CodeDeploy. Go to the Applications tab.
  3. Create an application. The name can be anything like your project name. Compute platform should be "EC2/On-premises"
  4. You may end up in Applications/application tab. If so, go back to the Applications tab to see all your Applications listed.
  5. Copy your Application name. Head to your repository on GitHub. Go to settings. In the Secrets tab, add a repository secret. The name should be AWS_CODEDEPLOY_APPLICATION_NAME, and the value should be your CodeDeploy application name.
  6. Go back to AWS CodeDeploy dashboard. Select your application and press "Deploy application." Don't worry! This will not create a deployment! Just press it and relax :)
  7. You should now be in the Deployment settings. Find Revision type and select the one about GitHub (e.g. "My application is stored in GitHub").
  8. In the search box that appears, type in your GitHub username / organization name just to quickly check if you've made a connection before. If nothing appears, then press Connect to GitHub and grant OAuth access to the necessary organizations. If you stop using this method, you can head to your personal / organization settings and revoke access (if you need to revoke, follow this_).
  9. After confirming the request for authorization, you'll be back in the menu. Press Cancel. Yes, cancel the deployment and discard (it's a button in the confirmation modal).

.. _if you need to revoke, follow this: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/integrations-partners-github.html#behaviors-authentication

Setting up credentials ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

AWS uses roles and IAM users. Users can run certain programs like the AWS CLI and roles are attached to users and can also be used for selecting how AWS interprets authorization level for specific functionalities like CodeDeploy which AWS manages -- thus not requiring an IAM user -- but for security sake you can attach a role saying the manager only has certain permissions.

  1. In the AWS Console, search for IAM.

  2. Create a User Group. The name can just be your "project-name-Deployment".

  3. Scroll to the permissions section and filter by "CodeDeploy" in the search field. Make sure to press enter. Check mark the role called AWSCodeDeployDeployerAccess. If it's not there, view [1]_ at the additional notes section at the bottom <#additional-notes>_.

  4. Select Users or find a button saying Create User (DO NOT create a User Group)

  5. Give it a username like "project-name-CodeDeploy" and give it Programmatic Access. Press next.

  6. In the Permission tab, select your user group in the table below. Press next until you create the user (you can add tags if you want). Before closing, copy the access key ID and the secret access key. Store it somewhere temporarily (like in a txt file). If you end up forgetting which type of key is one of them, access key IDs typically are shorter and usually start with AKI.

  7. Go to your GitHub repository. Go to the Settings. Go to the Secrets tab. Add a repository secret with name AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, and the value is your access key id. Create another secret called AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, and the value is your secret access key. Finally, create another secret called AWS_CODEDEPLOY_REGION, and write your CodeDeploy/your account's region. You can find it at the top right. If it says global, go to CodeDeploy again and check again. Note: you will never see these values again at both GitHub and AWS.

  8. Back in the IAM dashboard, go to the Roles tab. Then press Create role.

  9. There should be a bunch of services. Since we're using bare EC2 instances, find the service CodeDeploy and select it. At the bottom, select "CodeDeploy" (DO NOT select ECS or lambda). Then keep going until you need to name your role. I would call it "project-CodeDeploy". Then press Create role.

  10. After creating the role, we need to add an inline policy. For simplicity sake, go to the role's detail. Create an inline policy. Add the following:

    .. code-block:: json

    {
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
                "iam:PassRole",
                "ec2:CreateTags",
                "ec2:RunInstances"
            ],
            "Resource": "*"
        }
    ]
}

  11. We need to create another role that'll be used in our EC2 instance itself. Select EC2. In the policy section, if you're using django-storages (e.g. if you're using cookiecutter-django), then search up S3 and attach S3 full access role. If you don't have that, just press next and now no policy/permission has been given to your EC2 instance. Call it "project-ec2". Later on, you can change the policies on this role, so don't worry!

  12. After creating this role, in the next few steps, we'll be needing access to Parameter Store, the place where we store our servers' environment variables. To do this, go to the role and create an inline policy. Use JSON and replace the Resource value with your account ID, change the region (e.g. us-east-2) and change "PROJECT" to your path prefix. Your path prefix might be your project's name but all uppercase. This will be better known once we get to the step about Parameter Store. The role can be called "project-read-parameters":

    .. code-block:: json

    {
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": "ssm:GetParametersByPath",
            "Resource": "arn:aws:ssm:REGION:ACCOUNT_ID:parameter/PROJECT/*"
        }
    ]
}

To specify which region this role is allowed to access/manage CodeDeploy, follow this guide: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/getting-started-create-service-role.html#getting-started-create-service-role-console

Setting up a VPC ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If you have different companies, I suggest you make different AWS accounts. You'll still want to follow the following steps. A VPC here will help us split our code bases/websites under a single AWS account. In other words, every server-based website you host should probably have its own VPC. More details about why this is can be found in the next section about security groups.

  1. From the search bar, head to VPC and select "Your VPCs".

  2. Name tag can be "project-vpc-01". IPv4 CIDR block should be 10.0.0.0/16 (I'm using the VPC wizard to check my values). Create the VPC.

  3. Head to Subnets and press "Create subnet." Select the VPC you just made. I'm going to create 3 subnets since I'm using us-east-2. (if you're in us-east-1, you can create 6, one for each availability zone). For each subnet, name it us-east-2-subnet-a where us-east-2 is my region and "a" represents the availability zone. The IPv4 CIDR block should be using the 10.0.0.0/24 block. For the second one, use "-b" and a different block: 10.0.1.0/24. Continue this pattern until there are no more subnets.

    You can read about creating subnets here: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/working-with-vpcs.html#AddaSubnet You can read more about the CIDR blocks here: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/VPC_Subnets.html#vpc-sizing-ipv4

  4. Once you've created your subnets, click one subnet, press Actions, press View details, press Modify auto-assign IP settings, and enable auto-assign IPv4 addresses. Do this for each subnet. Go to the Internet Gateway tab and press Create internet gateway. The name can just be your project's name. Press Create.

  5. There should be a banner at the top saying "Attach to a VPC". If not, go to your internet gateway. On the top right, there should be a button saying "Action." Press that then press "Attach to VPC" and attach it to your custom VPC.

  6. Go to the Route Tables tab and create one. The name can be "project-route-table-01". Select your custom VPC then press create.

  7. You should be in the details for the route table; if so, scroll down to see Routes and press "Edit Routes". If not, select your route table and edit its routes.

  8. Press "Add route" with destination 0.0.0.0/0 and the target is Internet Gateway. You might see a popup for your internet gateway; if so, select it and press Save Changes.

    • If you didn't see your Internet Gateway, cancel this edit. Head to the Internet Gateway tab. Get the Internet Gateway's ID (not the name). It should look like igw-etc. Then repeat this step and this time manually fill out the target. If there's an error, that means either your internet gateway or your route table is not associated with the right VPC.

  9. Head to the Subnet association tab and let's edit that. Check all your subnets and press "Save associations".

Setting up ACM for HTTPS certificates and EC2 Target Groups ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The following assumes your domain is in Route 53. This is the first time you will start getting charged. Every month, Route 53 Hosted Zones will start charging 50 cents and your Load Balancer will start charging quite a bit. Maybe $12 per month?

  1. Search up ACM, a free service that gets you SSL certificates and renews them like Let's Encrypt. Press Get started under "Provision certificates." If you're on a dashboard-like screen, just press "Request a certificate."
  2. Press "Request a public certificate." Add your domain name and its "www." form as well (i.e. write: www.example.com). For the second one press, "Add another name to this certificate." Press next; select DNS validation. BUT WAIT! Don't click next too fast. When we get to Step 5/Validation, you'll have to add CNAME records.
  3. Select each domain by hitting the arrow button and add those CNAME records to your DNS. If you're using Route 53, just press the button saying to add it. If you're using Route 53 but the button's not there, make sure you have a hosted zone for your domain. A hosted zone in Route 53 allows you to customize the DNS records for your domain. Finally, press continue. (When you're back on the ACM dashboard You don't need for the validation to happen; it'll take time. Just go to the next step)
  4. Search up EC2 and head to the Target Groups tab. Then press Create a target group.
  5. Target type is Instances since we're only working with EC2 instances. The name can be "project-01". This time, that "01" is important. The protocol should be HTTP and port 80 since we let our ALB/ELB/Load Balancer handle HTTPS. Select your VPC and use protocol version HTTP1 (again since we let ALB handle HTTPS). The default health check of HTTP and path being "/" is good enough. Press next and then press "Create target group"
  6. Go to Route 53 and enter the hosted zone for your domain. Create a new A record. Mark it as an alias. Select the option for load balancer. Select the region your load balancer is in, then select your load balancer.

Setting up Security Groups ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This is really important. Like so important that when I wrote my ECS tutorial it took me a full week to figure out why I couldn't connect to my server and why my server couldn't connect to my AWS RDS database and Redis ElastiCache.

In the next paragraph, I'll explain security groups, and you should DEFINITELY READ IT. This is super crucial to understand when you're trying to fix bugs and maintain security.

What are security groups? They define how we communicate within AWS infrastructure. If you've ever worked on servers before, you may know about blocking all ports except for some specific ones. The exact same thing is happening here with the great addition of specifying groups of servers that can access an instance/server. So my database can open port 5432 with a security group attached saying "Only EC2 instances from my custom VPC that have a security group called XYZ can call to my port here." Note the added vocab VPC. That's right, each security group can only be used within a single VPC -- which also means all instances you ever create for a single website will be limited to communication to other instances in the same VPCs.

This not only prevents confusion between different projects, but also makes sure that unauthorized access from, potentially, a hacked server from a different project cannot access your servers/databases in other VPCs.

Additionally, we can attach security groups to a single EC2 instance. In this tutorial, out of many groups we create, we'll be creating a security group but not actually use it. It'll be for SSHing into an EC2 instance in case you need to view some debugging information or run python manage.py shell to access production data.

  1. Search up EC2 if you're not already there. Head to the Load Balancer tab from the side bar. Press "Security Groups".

  2. We need to expose our future Load Balancer (explained next) to the public. Create a security group with name "WebAccess" and a description saying "It's for ALB". Select your custom VPC. The inbound traffic should consist of 4 rules:

    • Type HTTP, with custom source type on source 0.0.0.0/0
    • Type HTTP, with custom source type on source ::/0
    • Type HTTPS, with custom source type on source 0.0.0.0/0
    • Type HTTPS, with custom source type on source ::/0

    The outbound rules should be left on default, but just in case:

    • Type All traffic, destination type Custom at Source 0.0.0.0/0

  3. Create another security group. This is for your actual EC2 instances. Name it "project-reverse-proxy". Select your custom VPC. The outbound traffic is the same as the first one (the default I believe). The inbound traffic should be 1 rule only:

    • Type All Traffic, with custom source type, and find your first security group in the Source (it should say the name of the security group you just created).
    • Later on, if you ever need to access the terminal/shell inside any of your instances, head to Security Groups again, select and edit this group's inbound rules, and attach the SSH protocol type with CIDR 0.0.0.0/0. Then, go to an EC2 instance, select connect, and you should now be able to connect via SSH.

  4. This step may be optional depending on your use-case. For many Django applications we typically use the database; this step covers both the database and cache. Just note that AWS RDS and ElastiCache is expensive -- $50/month for RDS + $18 for cache. You can also host your own database, and, when you grow large, you can perform an extraction of all your data and import it into AWS RDS.

    Create another security group. Name it "project-database" (if you also want to set this up for caching, you'll need to create another security group). Select your custom VPC. The outbound traffic is the same as the first one (the default I believe). The inbound traffic should be 1 rule only, regardless if you're hosting your database on EC2 or RDS or ElastiCache:

    • Type PostgreSQL or Redis or whatever database service(s) you're using, with custom source type, and find your EC2 security group in the Source (it should say the name of the security group you just created in Step 3).

Setting up ACM/ELB (Application/Elastic Load Balancer) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

What is a load balancer? It's kinda what it sounds like; it distributes HTTP requests across all your target groups and within each group is a server/instance. There are different styles like Round Robbin, but the ALB is special in that it has an in-house solution of detecting crashed servers (with health checks).

Note: your Load Balancer will start charging quite a bit. Maybe $12 per month?

  1. Search up EC2 if you're not already there. Head to the Load Balancer tab from the side bar. Press "Create Load Balancer"
  2. Select "Application Load Balancer." Give it a name like "project-alb-01" with scheme internet-facing and IP address type ipv4. In listeners, add a listener for HTTP with port 80 and HTTPS with port 443. Make sure both are there. Under Availability Zones, select your custom VPC and checkmark all your custom subnets. Continue. In the next section, choose a certificate from ACM and your certificate name should match your domain from the ACM section.
  3. In Configure Security Groups, select the one that had the description about ALB.
  4. Configure Routing: select the target group you first made. Finally, hit next and create your load balancer.
  5. Make sure you're still in the load balancer tab. Select your load balancer, head to the listeners tab, find the row with port 80 listener, and press View/edit rules (you'll need to scroll right).
  6. Press the edit button (it can also look like a pencil icon). Delete the current action. Press Add action. Choose Redirect To. Type in port 443. Make sure you still have original host, path, and query and status code 301. Then press the checkmark button. On the top, press the Update button.

The point of this redirect is to avoid having to go through the actual EC2 instance's reverse proxy and simply let AWS ALB handle this.

Setting up EC2 Auto Scaling Group ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Autoscaling helps us automatically create or remove servers based on server load. Server load is based on resource metrics (this is correlated with number of requests). This helps makes sure requests don't take too long to get a response for due to servers not having enough resources to effectively run all their requests and generate an HTTP response.

  1. Search up EC2 and head to the Launch Templates tab (from the side bar). Press Create Launch Template.

  2. The template name can be like "project-MainLaunchTemplate". The description can be "Initial production webserver for PROJECT." There may be an option saying "Auto Scaling guidance". If you want, you can checkmark it; I did :)

  3. Select an AMI; I HIGHLY recommend you choose an Ubuntu LTS (the latest LTS)

  4. Your instance type is up to you. For this tutorial, I'm using t2.micro which has 1 GiB Memory and 1 core. I highly recommend something a little better (obviously you can create a new Launch Template. Don't worry. Everything can be changed!). For Key Pair, give a decent key pair name like "project-ec2-keypair". Choose .pem if you're on a Mac/Linux/WSL and .ppk if you're on Windows. The default volume of 8 GiB is enough. In Advanced details, for Purchasing option, DO NOT checkmark Request Spot Instances since it's configurable in your autoscaling group. If you're curious what pricing spot instances are, head to EC2/Spot Requests and find Pricing History at the top. Select the IAM instance profile we made in Setting up Credentials_ step 10. Find the User Data section and copy and paste this code (it's from here <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/codedeploy-agent-operations-install-ubuntu.html>_). Make sure you change the region. Finally, Press "Create launch template":

    .. code-block:: shell

    #!/bin/bash
sudo apt update
sudo apt -y upgrade
sudo apt install -y ruby-full wget
cd /home/ubuntu/
wget https://aws-codedeploy-us-east-2.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/latest/install
chmod +x ./install
sudo ./install auto > /tmp/logfile
sudo service codedeploy-agent start

  5. Search up EC2 and head to the Auto Scaling Groups tab (from the side bar menu at the very bottom). Press Create Auto Scaling Group.

  6. The name can be something like "project-EC2AutoScalingGroup". Select the Launch Template you just made. Use the "Latest" version and just press Next.

  7. Instance purchase options should have an option saying "Combine purchase options and instance types" so that you can use both On-Demand and Spot instances. For us, we're going to have 0 On-Demand instances. "Spot allocation strategy per Availability Zone" should use lowest price with a pool of 2. Click here to learn more about the pool_. Give 100% to our Spot instances. Enable Capacity rebalance so that we have true Blue/Green (if you used On Demand only, then this wouldn't be necessary. Because we're using Spot instances, an instance could be taken down and another could never come back up if we don't bid for another instance. In that case, this option lets us wait the deployment out until we can get a new instance.).

  8. Keep the default instance types. Choose your custom VPC and select all subnets. Click next. Choose existing load balancer. Select Choose from your load balancer target group. Make sure to select your target group. Click next. Our group size should always be 1. Don't enable Scaling policies. You can set it up later. Don't enable scale-in protection. It basically means that, based on metrics/current resource consumption, if it drops lower, then don't bring down instances. I think having dynamic scale-in, scale-out policy is better to conserve costs though. Finally, create your Autoscaling Group.

  9. Go to your GitHub secrets and add a new secret called AWS_AUTOSCALING_GROUP_NAME with the value being the name you gave the autoscaling group "project-EC2AutoScalingGroup"

.. _Click here to learn more about the pool: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-fleet-configuration-strategies.html#plan-ec2-fleet

Creating a CodeDeploy Deployment Group ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

  1. Search up CodeDeploy and head to your application. Create a deployment group.
  2. Enter a deployment group name and set that to something like "project-DeploymentGroup-01". Use the service role we created in Setting up Credentials_, step 9. It should look like: "project-CodeDeploy". The deployment type should be Blue/Green. The environment configuration should be copying Autoscaling group. Choose your Autoscaling group. Re-route traffic immediately. Terminate the original instance in 10 minutes.
  3. In this tutorial, we can just select the Deployment Configuration for half. However, in the future, you should create a custom percentage based configuration with minimum healthy instances being 80% (so 20% at a time. This can be lowered to 10%).
  4. Choose your load balancer and the custom target group. In advanced configuration, head to Rollbacks and uncheck "Disable rollbacks." Enable "Roll back when a deployment fails." Then, press Create deployment group.
  5. Head to GitHub Secrets and add a new key AWS_CODEDEPLOY_DEPLOYMENT_GROUP with the value being the name you set up for the deployment group, it was something like "project-DeploymentGroup-01"

Setting up the Database (AWS RDS) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If you don't need a database then you can skip this portion. I will not be covering a cache setup, but the concepts here remain the same: VPC, security group attachment, and checking your costs.

This is the most expensive piece: the database. I'm going to use the cheapest option, a db.t3.micro instance, costing my $13 per month. Check your metrics everyday to see if you need to upgrade your instance, and, yes, it's configurable/updatable. Don't worry.

  1. Search up RDS. Go to the Databases tab and press Create database.
  2. Choose Standard create. I'm selecting PostgreSQL to match with my security group and needs. I always prefer the latest database version since database services are very good with backwards compatibility. Use the Production template. Call the database instance "project-database-01" (in case you need to set up read replicas later on). Use PostgreSQL v12 so that we can use the AWS free tier.
  3. You should create a random username and password. I highly recommend you run this script to do so (there is also an option to let AWS generate a password. If you select that option instead, then, after you create the database, the password will appear in a banner or modal). This is Python. You can copy and paste this into IPython or use Programiz.com's_ online Python "compiler":

.. _Programiz.com's: https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/online-compiler/

.. code-block:: python

import string, random

def generate_random_string(
    length, using_digits=False, using_ascii_letters=False, using_punctuation=False
):
    """
    Example:
        opting out for 50 symbol-long, [a-z][A-Z][0-9] string
        would yield log_2((26+26+50)^50) ~= 334 bit strength.
    """
    symbols = []
    if using_digits:
        symbols += string.digits
    if using_ascii_letters:
        symbols += string.ascii_letters
    if using_punctuation:
        all_punctuation = set(string.punctuation)
        # These symbols can cause issues in environment variables
        unsuitable = {"'", '"', "\\", "$"}
        suitable = all_punctuation.difference(unsuitable)
        symbols += "".join(suitable)
    return "".join([random.choice(symbols) for _ in range(length)])

print("username", generate_random_string(32, using_ascii_letters=True))
print(
    "password",
    generate_random_string(64, using_digits=True, using_ascii_letters=True)
)
  1. My db instance class was a Burstable db.t3.micro for $13, excluding monthly storage costs (which is cheap if you constantly increment your storage by monitoring storage consumption). If you need help with calculating prices, visit calculator.aws <https://calculator.aws/>_. For my Storage type, I chose General Purpose (SSD) with an allocated storage of 20 GiB, the minimum, costing me $4.60. Enable storage autoscaling. To prevent spam attacks from ruining my bill, I've made the maximum storage threshold be 100 GiB. I chose not to use a Multi-AZ deployment approach, and instead if my database goes down then it goes down... The Multi-AZ approach creates a backup database in a different region in case master goes down.
  2. Choose your custom VPC. Let AWS create a new DB Subnet Group. No public access. Then choose your security group for the database. Enable Password authentication only.
  3. Open the Additional configuration dropdown. You need to name your database. You can run the above Python script again like so: print(generate_random_string(62, using_digits=True, using_ascii_letters=True))
  4. Enable automated backups. The backup window should be at a specific time when the least number of users are predicted to be online. Make sure to enable auto minor version upgrade. Also be sure to select a maintenance window (something AWS would randomly perform otherwise). Leave the rest of the defaults alone and press Create.
  5. It'll take a couple minutes to create the database, so keep going. When you need to construct your DATABASE_URL for Parameter Store, your URL will look like this: postgresql://username:password@endpoint:port/database_name

Make sure you did not delete those generated values. We still need to store everything inside Parameter Store, our environment variable / secrets manager.

For restoring your backups, visit the docs: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/aws-backup/latest/devguide/restoring-rds.html

Setting up our CI/CD using GitHub Actions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

TL;DR copy and paste the CI File_ at .github/workflows/ci.yml_ if you're using Django. If you're using a different framework, look in the file and change the portions I tell you in the comments inside the huge dashed line sections to change.

Next, we need to set up the actual deployment pipeline. In our small scale, we're going to push to our production servers on push to main/master branch. For some larger organizations, you can instead create a deployment via GitHub releases. Either work.

The current CI/CD configuration is tailored to Django applications and is in .github/workflows/ci.yml_. Copy and paste it in your repository and in the exact same path (as required by GitHub actions). There are comments in the file surrounded by huge dashed lines that'll direct you to which portions to change. For the most part, the AWS portion should remain untouched.

.. _CI File: ./.github/workflows/ci.yml .. _.github/workflows/ci.yml: ./.github/workflows/ci.yml

The way the workflow works is that every time you push a new commit, we run the CI. If the tests pass (specifically pytest for testing our application and our linter using pre-commit which I recommend for everyone regardless of the lang you're using), then we immediately run our deployment workflow. This workflow file also runs for pull requests, but deployments are not run.

Note that you can also use GitLab with their CI. Just know that the steps for GitHub integrations won't be necessary; you'll instead need to choose S3 and your CI file will need to specify an S3 bucket. That S3 bucket then needs to store your project files.

Adding our environment variables for our servers ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

We now need to add our environment variables for use on our servers. You can view the parameter store values I used here for a default cookiecutter-django project: [3]_.

  1. Search for Systems Manager. Go to the Parameter Store tab.
  2. Double check that you are in the correct region.
  3. For each environment variable you need, press Create parameter. I highly highly recommend that all your parameter names have a prefix like /PROJECT/SECRET where "SECRET" is the actual name you want the environment variable to be. This allows for easier identification of parameters between projects hosted on the same AWS account. Use Standard tier and text data type and paste your environment variables.
  4. That prefix is extremely important in all your secret values. In start_server, change that prefix value to yours. In my Python application, I'm using os.environ["DATABASE_URL"] but my parameter store key is called /PREFIX/DATABASE_URL. This is because I grabbed all the parameters via the path prefix (i.e. the /PROJECT/) and stored it as a JSON in the path /home/ubuntu/.env.json. Also change the region from us-east-2 to wherever your parameter values are located (yes, they are split by region). For cookiecutter-django or django-environ users, I've created a class Env which takes that JSON file and inserts the key/values into os.environ (you can view the class in config/settings/base.py.
  5. In the django-storages section in config/settings/production.py <https://github.com/Andrew-Chen-Wang/cookiecutter-django-ec2-github/blob/e1e5a5b428e17fb0106f4e342fbba0d6692d3d50/config/settings/production.py#L62-L69>_, I made some changes with django-storages. Because our EC2 instances already have its AWS credentials and region set up, I chose to omit the AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, and AWS_S3_REGION_NAME, hence not needing it in Parameter Store. (I wrote an if condition saying if if "AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID" not in os.environ, then I'd require the parameter store values. The region should match with your S3 bucket region. If not, then you'll still want to manually set it with a Parameter Store value.
  6. In Parameter Store, make sure you don't enable DJANGO_SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT or the actual Django setting SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT. Otherwise, you'll be in a 301 loop of death. Either turn it off with a hard coded False or disabe it.
  7. If you recall from Setting up Credentials_, we made a path prefix there for our resource. The point of having it there was so that we restrict our EC2 instance from seeing other environment variables not designated for this project to see. Double check your path prefix is the same.

.. _config/settings/base.py: ./config/settings/base.py .. _config/settings/production.py: ./config/settings/production.py

If you'd like, in your start_server_ file, you can specify a region where you created your parameters by appending --region us-east-2.

Setting up Scripts to setup our Servers ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In our Launch Template step, we wanted Ubuntu servers. Here, we're going to install our (i.e. my) preferred Python version, installing our necessary packages, and finally running the server.

  1. Copy appspec.yml <./appspec.yml>_. There are comments inside explaining what's going on. In a nutshell, this is how CodeDeploy knows 1. where to store our project files on the server and 2. where and what scripts to run using specific hooks which have a unique lifecycle (e.g. ApplicationStop will trigger ApplicationStart but skips AfterInstall).
  2. Copy the scripts <./scripts>_ directory. In install_dependencies, you can see me updating and upgrading Ubuntu packages, setting up my preferred Python version, collecting staticfiles, and installing my Python packages. Adjust to your needs. start_server is preparing the actual start command for my server (for Django, it's gunicorn). If you choose to delete the stop_server script, then make sure to update appspec.yml. Additionally, you'll need to change the region in the CodeDeploy installation at the top.
  3. In install_dependencies_, change the domain in the NGINX configuration iff you are using sync. If you have websockets, long polling, or are using an async framework, there are additional configurations you can add to your NGINX configuration if you want to continue using it (or you can simply delete the NGINX configuration and set the gunicorn/web server port from port 5000 to 80 since NGINX used to listen on port 80 for our web server (as the reverse proxy)).
  4. In start_server_, we're grabbing all our environment variables from Parameter Store and injecting it into our local environment. Adjust to your needs.

You may also notice us installing NGINX in the install_dependencies_ script. NGINX is our buffering reverse proxy. Please read the comments in the script file. Note: it is only necessary if you're using a sync server (i.e. if you're using Ruby and you're not doing long polling, websockets, or comet, or if you're on Django or Flask and you're using gunicorn and not uvicorn i.e. not using ASGI or any async def/coroutine stuff).

.. _install_dependencies: ./scripts/install_dependencies .. _start_server: ./scripts/start_server

Finalizing Single-Execution Per-Deployment Script ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

We're going to take advantage of GitHub Actions one more time. For many frameworks, we have a form of migrations like Django migrations, Alembic, etc. for a new database schema. But we don't want all our instances running it. In that case, Django and Flask provide a great utility for calling manage.py commands without the CLI. For Django, it's call_command and Flask should use Alembic itself. I can't disclose how I did it for my previous employer for Flask, but the solution is actually quite simple to create.

  1. In this repo, visit my_awesome_project/users/views.py_ and take a look at the migrate function. In Django and Flask terminology, this is a "view" or an endpoint. In this view, we check the headers for an Authorization token. The settings for this authorization token is not set, but, so long as you read my tutorial for the environment variable section, it shouldn't be a problem to add to Parameter Store. Once authorized, we run the migrate command and send a JSON response specifying the latest migration name/revision ID on our production database. I've also set up another view for collectstatic which generates our static files and transfers it to S3.
  2. Additionally, visit my_awesome_project/users/management/commands/deployment.py_. There, you see me running an entire deployment script. It migrates our database on to the CI database (this is a Django only thing). Then, we can grab the latest migration/revision ID. It loops (with 1 second delay) until we receive the right data from our endpoint that matches the migration we need.
  3. Go back to our GitHub action workflow file and adjust the last run step to your need, including what secrets value to use and the Django command to run.

Note: the collectstatic command, in my opinion, should actually be run in the GitHub action itself for greater security in case the server gets hacked. This makes better separation of roles. However, for the simplicity of this lengthy tutorial, I've kept it here. (When I mean run in the GitHub action, I mean set the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable to our production settings and run collectstatic; in that case, though, you'd need to constantly update the workflow file with new environment variables which people will definitely forget).

.. _my_awesome_project/users/views.py: ./my_awesome_project/users/views.py .. _my_awesome_project/users/management/commands/deployment.py: ./my_awesome_project/users/management/commands/deployment.py

Let's Run It! ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Congrats on getting everything prepared! All that's left to do is to deploy our application.

You have two options:

  1. Go to your GitHub repository. Go to the Actions tab. Press Select Workflow. Select CI. Then, press "Run workflow" on your default branch.
  2. You can also just commit new changes to your default branch.

Both ways work now and forever in the future! But this initial deployment will fail since we didn't bring up an instance yet. Re-run your CI manually this time using the GitHub actions tab, and voila a fully configured full-stack Django web server.

Credit and License

Repository is licensed under Apache 2.0; the license file can be found in LICENSE <./LICENSE>_ in the root directory.

Repository created by Andrew-Chen-Wang_ sometime in July-August 2021. The original motive was to set up donate-anything.org <https://donate-anything.org>_ (which is currently defunct as of August 2021). The original idea was to get this working in the Spring/Summer of 2020, but it got way too complicated and I ended up writing my tutorial for ECS_ instead since that was easier to work with (I mostly got stuck on Parameter Store and the actual deployment from GitHub Actions. The CodeDeploy app either just didn't or I just didn't comprehend the concepts of CI/CD, CodeDeploy, etc.; I didn't understand the concepts very well since I'd only been on GitHub for... 6-ish months? So yea...).

.. _Andrew-Chen-Wang: https://github.com/Andrew-Chen-Wang

Additional Resources

FAQ ^^^

Is there a list of secrets that you added to GitHub and Parameter Store?

Yup! Head down to the Additional Resources section [2]_ [3]_.

How do I restart a deployment?

You've got two options:

  • Go to your application in CodeDeploy. Find the latest deployment for your application, then re-run it.
  • The other options involve Git/GitHub. You can go to your repository's Actions tab. Select the workflow file including your deployment script. Then press Run workflow and the branch should be your default branch. The other option is to simply commit and push.

How do I configure Celery and can I configure Celery on the same server?

In start_server_ and stop_server <./scripts/stop_server>_, you'll see I have some commands: two for starting and two for stopping. We run everything in detached mode and stop it via its generated pidfile.

Here, I provide 4 methods for running Celery: 2 for doing everything on a single instance/server and 2 for doing it on multiple instances/servers. If you can afford it, the most recommended approach is to use the 3 EC2 autoscaling groups (meaning a minimum of three servers which can be costly for some).

Yes, you can run Celery on one instance. For startups, having a single EC2 instance is cost effective and more easily configurable; in fact, you have two options for running Celery on one instance:

  • Single server serving both Celery and your web server can be done either via Celery itself or, if you need multiple nodes, supervisor. It comes in two parts (if you're using Celery beat):

    • Setup (celery beat only):

      • For the single server solution: Celery beat should only be run on one instance, and Blue/Green makes two (the original is not taken down until the new one is ready). django-celery-beat is the preferred package over RedBeat's Redis scheduler and is the one currently configured with cookiecutter-django. One way to work with this is by doing a curl POST request to the following endpoint in our workflow file BEFORE we use aws deploy to send a message to an endpoint. The endpoint:

        .. code-block:: python

        from django.http import HttpResponse
from config.celery_app import celery_app

def view(request):
    celery_app.control.broadcast('shutdown')
    return HttpResponse()

    • Running Celery on the server:

      • The systemd/init.d scripts Celery provides launches celery worker and beat using detached and multi mode. In our script, we're going to use multi to run a single Celery worker and beat. You can view this in our start_server_ script. If you're curious, visit this doc for daemonization [4]_ and this GitHub issue thread [5]_ to get clarifications for confusing docs on deployment and multi usage.
      • We have to install something called supervisord. We'll need to set up that configuration and run supervisorctl restart project:*. Our configuration in this case allows us to run both Celery and our Django web app at the same time. You don't have to have the website also running with supervisor. Note that to properly shut down the celery workers, we need to manually send a signal.

  • For those who require multiple servers, having a celery worker per server is overkill and a waste of money/resources; I instead advise you to use a new EC2 Autoscaling Group. This requires creating new launch templates since you don't want to attach web security groups to your Celery based servers (you don't have to since the new deployment groups don't have load balancer enabled, but just in case :P). If you can afford it, I'd REALLY recommend three (one for celery beat since celery beat can only be run on one server). But I'm assuming you can't; otherwise, why are you reading this tutorial? Kidding. In the CI workflow file, you'll need to edit --target-instances ${{ secrets.AWS_AUTOSCALING_GROUP_NAME }} to have both your web app's autoscaling group and your Celery worker autoscaling group deployed (in separate commands). AWS provides an environment variable called DEPLOYMENT_GROUP_NAME where you can determine in your start_server_ script which command to run [6]. There are examples for both in start_server for how to do this.

    • The next thing to understand is Celery beat can only be run on one server. A solution is to use RedBeat, a Redis based beat scheduler in which case you can ignore this bullet point. But if you want to use django-celery-beat, then you'll need to have your autoscaling group for celery beat (if you're using the three autoscaling groups method) or all of celery (the two autoscaling groups method) be taken down first. This can be done via your CodeDeploy solution. When setting up your CodeDeploy deployment groups, choose a Deployment type "In-place", choose your celery based EC2 autoscaling groups, deployment settings should use whatever percent based one you want (just don't do all at once), and disable the load balancer.

For more background/daemonization docs for Celery: https://docs.celeryproject.org/en/stable/userguide/daemonizing.html

Can I run multiple websites like this?

Yes. I, however, explicitly mentioned why not to (to have separate VPCs per project for security) and to have different configurations. Also know that it'll be annoying when one repository commits, all servers go down together. The method of setting this up is the same as the celery bullet point above.

Deployment is failing or website is not showing up

Run the manual deployment a second or third time. Another method of troubleshooting is to head to CodeDeploy, visit the latest deployment, then go to the bottom and check the lifecycle hooks' logs.

Can I run the shell in production?

Yes! Just ssh into it via a random EC2 instance. Then run source venv/bin/activate to get the virtual environment and then run python manage.py shell. I highly recommend you install IPython via pip (stored in base.txt) and manage.py shell will use IPython automatically. To get autocomplete, press tab and jedi will appear.

I'm getting an Internal Server Error

Congrats on getting the website deployed! The server is running, but you may have a view that's wrong or, commonly, the permissions for your S3 bucket is too secure.

For the first part, you should SSH into an EC2 instance. Run sudo su && chmod +x scripts/start_server. Then run nano scripts/start_server and delete --daemon from gunicorn's command. Finally, run scripts/start_server, run the bad endpoint, and view the logs in gunicorn. For the S3 bucket permissions, this is what you should have:

.. image:: docs/s3-perms.png :width: 400 :alt: S3 bucket permissions

Why is there still an instance after I deploy (double)?

That's the reason for the 10 minutes termination. 10 minutes is more than enough time to pip install and get everything ready. Traffic will slowly migrate to the new instances. Doing it slowly makes sure our servers don't crash; additionally, it gives us testing time to rollback a deployment if something goes awry. After a successful deployment, the old instances and EC2 Autoscaling group will be destroyed.

Links ^^^^^

These are the additional resources that I used to create this tutorial

  • Connecting CodeDeploy to GitHub: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/deployments-create-cli-github.html (archived version of the integration docs <https://web.archive.org/web/20210304165932/https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/deployments-create-cli-github.html>_)

  • Creating the deployment: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/deployments-create-cli.html

  • Creating a subnet: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/working-with-vpcs.html#AddaSubnet

  • Internet Gateway and Route Table: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/VPC_Internet_Gateway.html#Add_IGW_Attach_Gateway

  • Appspec "files" section: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/reference-appspec-file-structure-files.html

  • If you're curious what pricing and its price history for spot instances are, head to EC2/Spot Requests and find Pricing History at the top.

  • Documentation for pricing for Spot Requests using Autoscaling: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-fleet-configuration-strategies.html

  • Creating a CodeDeploy service role: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/getting-started-create-service-role.html#getting-started-create-service-role-console

  • Launch template support for service role: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/autoscaling/ec2/userguide/ec2-auto-scaling-launch-template-permissions.html#policy-example-create-launch-template

  • Installing the CodeDeploy agent: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/codedeploy-agent-operations-install-ubuntu.html

  • Order of hooks: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/reference-appspec-file-example.html#appspec-file-example-server

Thanks to this tutorial for helping me install the CodeDeploy agent in the right place (turns out, someone else had already written a piece on this! Though using CodePipeline might be a turn-off): https://medium.com/cloudwithmore/blue-green-deployment-for-autoscaling-groups-with-codepipeline-codebuild-and-codedeploy-part-3-7-9d1d1d1824e7

Additional Notes ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. [1] If you can't find the role, skip creating the User Group. Go back to IAM and go to the Users section. Press Create User and select "Attach existing policies directly", and finally press Create policy and copy the role below:

.. code-block:: json

{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Action": [
                "codedeploy:Batch*",
                "codedeploy:CreateDeployment",
                "codedeploy:Get*",
                "codedeploy:List*",
                "codedeploy:RegisterApplicationRevision"
            ],
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Resource": "*"
        },
        {
            "Sid": "CodeStarNotificationsReadWriteAccess",
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
                "codestar-notifications:CreateNotificationRule",
                "codestar-notifications:DescribeNotificationRule",
                "codestar-notifications:UpdateNotificationRule",
                "codestar-notifications:Subscribe",
                "codestar-notifications:Unsubscribe"
            ],
            "Resource": "*",
            "Condition": {
                "StringLike": {
                    "codestar-notifications:NotificationsForResource": "arn:aws:codedeploy:*"
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "Sid": "CodeStarNotificationsListAccess",
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
                "codestar-notifications:ListNotificationRules",
                "codestar-notifications:ListTargets",
                "codestar-notifications:ListTagsforResource",
                "codestar-notifications:ListEventTypes"
            ],
            "Resource": "*"
        },
        {
            "Sid": "CodeStarNotificationsChatbotAccess",
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
                "chatbot:DescribeSlackChannelConfigurations"
            ],
            "Resource": "*"
        },
        {
            "Sid": "SNSTopicListAccess",
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
                "sns:ListTopics"
            ],
            "Resource": "*"
        }
    ]
}

.. [2] All my GitHub secret names and values

=============================== ================================================== Secret Name Secret Value Description =============================== ================================================== AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID The CodeDeploy access key ID we made in Setting up Credentials_ AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY The CodeDeploy secret access key we made in Setting up Credentials_ AWS_CODEDEPLOY_REGION The region you created your CodeDeploy application AWS_CODEDEPLOY_APPLICATION_NAME The CodeDeploy application name AWS_CODEDEPLOY_DEPLOYMENT_GROUP The CodeDeploy deployment group name that we created in Creating a CodeDeploy Deployment Group_ AWS_AUTOSCALING_GROUP_NAME The EC2 Autoscaling Group name we made in Setting up EC2 Auto Scaling Group_ CI_CD_DEPLOYMENT_AUTH_TOKEN The authorization token to use for our single-execution per-deployment script =============================== ==================================================

.. _Setting up Credentials: #setting-up-credentials .. _Creating a CodeDeploy Deployment Group: #creating-a-codedeploy-deployment-group .. _Setting up EC2 Auto Scaling Group: #setting-up-ec2-auto-scaling-group

.. [3] All necessary Parameter Store names and values. Everything starts with your prefix (in this case, it'll be "/p/" for "/project/" as that'll be my prefix). There are plenty of other configuration/environment variables that you can find in the cookiecutter-django settings <https://cookiecutter-django.readthedocs.io/en/latest/settings.html>_

================================= ====================================================== Parameter Names Parameter Value Description ================================= ====================================================== /p/DJANGO_SECRET_KEY Django secret key (same for Flask) /p/DJANGO_SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT Tells Django to redirect HTTP to HTTPS. Should be False since we're using ALB to do that. /p/DATABASE_URL Database url from AWS RDS /p/REDIS_URL Cache url from AWS ElastiCache/RabbitMQ (used mostly for those using Celery). It can also be blank if you don't choose to use Celery/a cache yet /p/CELERY_BROKER_URL Same as REDIS_URL /p/DJANGO_AWS_STORAGE_BUCKET_NAME The AWS S3 bucket where we store our media and static files /p/DJANGO_ADMIN_URL An extremely long, randomized path where our admin url will be (e.g. base62-string/) /p/MAILGUN_API_KEY The email API key. For AWS infrastructure, it is probably more wise to use AWS SES for cost purposes. /p/MAILGUN_DOMAIN The email domain. For AWS infrastructure, it is probably more wise to use AWS SES for cost purposes. /p/SINGLE_CD_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN The authorization token from our single-execution per-deployment script ================================= ======================================================

.. [4] Celery Daemonization: https://docs.celeryproject.org/en/stable/userguide/daemonizing.html

.. [5] Celery Beat daemonization GitHub issue thread: https://github.com/celery/celery/issues/4304

.. [6] Environment variables for CodeDeploy: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codedeploy/latest/userguide/reference-appspec-file-structure-hooks.html#reference-appspec-file-structure-environment-variable-availability

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Deploying a Django project to AWS using GitHub Actions and CodeDeploy Blue/Green Deployment + EC2 (Works w/ Flask/FastAPI/Rails)

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