Update Psalm and update Psalm check on CI (reuse Psalm's cache)

[alies-dev]

This PR includes:

• new minimal Psalm version (no new PHP or other dependency restrictions)
• Fix new @template syntax issues (detected by a newer Psalm version)
• Reuse Psalm's cache on CI
• Unify psalm.yml with ci.yml

After these changes Psalm on CI should be green (however now sure about Nova installation as it requires a Nova license key):

*****************************************************
Your license is not allowed to download this release!
*****************************************************
    Failed to download laravel/nova from dist: The 'https://nova.laravel.com/dist/laravel/nova/laravel-nova-b7537f667ef4ee6a1c9581995d438a6fe214625b-zip-ae794f.zip' URL could not be accessed (HTTP 403): HTTP/2 403 
    Now trying to download from source
  - Syncing laravel/nova (4.25.1) into cache

Error: Failed to execute git clone --mirror -- '[email protected]:laravel/nova.git' '/home/runner/.cache/composer/vcs/git-github.com-laravel-nova.git/'

Cloning into bare repository '/home/runner/.cache/composer/vcs/git-github.com-laravel-nova.git'...
[email protected]: Permission denied (publickey).
fatal: Could not read from remote repository.

Please make sure you have the correct access rights
and the repository exists.

But I used same commands for Psalm that you used for PHPUnit, probably it will help