[Potential Bug] Normalize real `input` in `awgn`.

[datlife]

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Hi @veeresht again,

According to Wikipedia on SNR and dsp.stackexchange, it seems that we might need to normalize real inputs to be zero-mean as: inputs = 2.0 * inputs - 1.0, when adding White Gaussian Noise to signals.

I wonder if this is a potential bug. I ran two tests (decoding convolutional codes over AWGN Channel using Viterbi) to validate my speculation:

• First test: Original implementation of awgn
• Second test : Modified version as

 def awgn(input_signal, snr_dB, rate=1.0):
    avg_energy = sum(abs(input_signal) * abs(input_signal))/len(input_signal)
    snr_linear = 10**(snr_dB/10.0)
    noise_variance = avg_energy/(2*rate*snr_linear)
    if isinstance(input_signal[0], complex):
        noise = (sqrt(noise_variance) * randn(len(input_signal))) + (sqrt(noise_variance) * randn(len(input_signal))*1j)
    else:
        noise = sqrt(2*noise_variance) * randn(len(input_signal))
        input_signal = 2.0 * input_signal - 1.0  # Zero-mean normalization HERE

    output_signal = input_signal + noise
    return output_signal

Test file:

import multiprocessing as mp
import numpy as np
import commpy as cp
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import commpy.channelcoding.convcode as cc

from commpy.channelcoding import Trellis

# For reproducability
np.random.seed(2018)

NUM_EXAMPLES = 50
SNRs = np.arange(-1.0, 5.0, 1)
BLOCK_LEN = 100

M = np.array([2])
G =  np.array([[0o7, 0o5]])
TB_DEPTH = 15
trellis = Trellis(M, G, feedback=7)

def simulation_func(snr):
    # Generate random message bits to be encoded
    message_bits = np.random.randint(0, 2, BLOCK_LEN)

    # Encode message bits
    coded_bits = cc.conv_encode(message_bits, trellis)

    # Add Additive White Gaussian noise
    noisy_signal = cp.channels.awgn(coded_bits, snr, rate=1/2)
    
    # Estimate original message bit using Viterbit
    decoded_bits = cc.viterbi_decode(noisy_signal, trellis, TB_DEPTH, decoding_type='unquantized')     
    
    num_bit_errors = cp.utilities.hamming_dist(message_bits, decoded_bits[:-int(M)])
    return num_bit_errors


if __name__ == '__main__':
    BERs, BLERs =  [], []
    for snr in SNRs:
        # Test 100 examples
        with mp.Pool(2) as pool:
            hamming_dists = pool.map(simulation_func, [(snr) for _ in range(NUM_EXAMPLES)])
        # Save result
        BERs.append(np.sum(hamming_dists)/ (BLOCK_LEN * NUM_EXAMPLES))
        BLERs.append(np.count_nonzero(hamming_dists)/NUM_EXAMPLES)
        print('SNR = %d BER: %.2f BLER: %.2f'% (snr, BERs[-1], BLERs[-1]))

    # Plot the result
    fig, (left, right) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(10, 5))
    left.plot(SNRs, BERs)
    left.set_ylabel('Bit Error Rate (BER)')
    left.set_xlabel('Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR in dB)')
    left.semilogy()
    left.grid(True, which='both')
    right.plot(SNRs, BLERs)
    right.set_ylabel('Bit Block Error Rate (BLER)')
    right.set_xlabel('Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR in dB)')
    right.semilogy()
    right.grid(True, which='both')
    fig.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

BEFORE (First Test)

SNR = -1 BER: 0.36 BLER: 1.00
SNR = 0 BER: 0.34 BLER: 1.00
SNR = 1 BER: 0.33 BLER: 1.00
SNR = 2 BER: 0.31 BLER: 1.00
SNR = 3 BER: 0.30 BLER: 1.00
SNR = 4 BER: 0.28 BLER: 1.00

AFTER (Second Test)

SNR = -1 BER: 0.13 BLER: 1.00
SNR = 0 BER: 0.07 BLER: 0.96
SNR = 1 BER: 0.04 BLER: 0.66
SNR = 2 BER: 0.02 BLER: 0.44
SNR = 3 BER: 0.00 BLER: 0.18
SNR = 4 BER: 0.00 BLER: 0.12

I have not submitted my pull request yet because I am not sure. What you you think?