Reintroduce linux sanitizer workflows for badges

[VJanKraemer]

Subject

[WIP] check the reintroduction of our Linux sanitizer workflows

Developer checklist (address before review)

• [ ] Changelog.md updated
• [ ] Prepared update for depending repositories
• [ ] Documentation updated (public API changes only)
• [ ] API docstrings updated (public API changes only)
• [ ] Rebase → commit history clean
• [ ] Squash and merge → proper PR title